Transcript Title

IMPROVING ACCESS
TO IRRIGATION
P. Bozakov
T. Panella
ISSUES OF ACCESSING IRRIGATION
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Systems are dilapidated and lack resources for O&M
Unresponsive and unaccountable management
Inefficient and inequitable distribution of irrigation water
Water is not available in the quantity or at the time
needed
Low productivity of irrigated agriculture – compounded by
other agricultural constraints
The poor and tail-enders are most severely affected
ADB improves access to irrigation in existing systems by
promoting reforms to empower water users, supported by
balanced investments in infrastructure, institutions,
capacity and technology development
PRO-POOR INTERVENTION STRATEGIES IN
IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IN ASIA
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Irrigation investment reduces poverty along with
land, education and roads – poverty is twice as high in
rainfed areas
Irrigation reduces vulnerability to risks and poverty shocks
Irrigation reform – providing users access to governance
and management of water improves their access to water
Focus on efficiency and equity of water distribution and
integrated use of water resources
Poverty impacts from irrigation depend also on additional
factors – inputs, agricultural support services, research etc.
Comprehensive and integrated approach to both hardware
and software elements for project design
CHHATTISGARH IRRIGATION
DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (CIDP)
PARTICIPATORY APPROACH TO IRRIGATION
PLANNING, IMPLEMENTATION AND
MANAGEMENT
KEY ISSUES
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Chhattisgarh is one of the poorest states in India
(43% of the population lives below the poverty line)
Some 1.3 million hectare are irrigated mostly by
minor schemes, but cropping intensity is low (120%)
Most of the irrigation schemes are in poor condition
and cannot provide reliable and equitable water
supplies, especially to the tail-end users
Agricultural productivity is low and crop yields are
below the average in India
Sustainability of irrigated agriculture is a major issue
due to top-down operation of the systems, lack of
O&M funding and limited institutional capacity
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
To improve productivity of irrigated agriculture in
Chhattisgarh through:
a. improved irrigation service delivery,
b. enhanced agricultural practices and crop
diversification,
c. strengthened water resources management.
To achieve these objectives investments have
been provided in:
a. infrastructure to increase the precision and
equitability of water distribution
b. institutional capacity building to make the best
use of the new infrastructure and improve water
management.
PROJECT COMPONENTS
Component A: Strengthening of the Water Resources
Department (WRD) including institutional reforms
and capacity building
Component B: Introduction of participatory irrigation
management (PIM):
a. Strengthening of the policy and institutional framework
(PIM act and rules)
b. WUA mobilization and capacity development.
c. Active farmers’ involvement in the planning and
implementation of rehabilitation and upgrading (R&U)
works and water management
PROJECT COMPONENTS
Component C: R&U of selected minor and medium
irrigation schemes
a. covers some 200,000 ha
b. comprises rehabilitation of main system
structures and construction of field channels
canals
and
Component D: Agriculture Support Services:
a. Providing agricultural support to WUAs.
b. Improve productivity of Kharif rice
c. Promote productivity and marketing of new diverse Rabi
crops
FARMERS INVOLVEMENT IN PROJECT
PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
Step
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Farmers identify R&U requirements;
Designers discuss R&U options with WUAs;
75% of the WUA general body approve R&U plan;
WUA endorse the tender documents
WUA signs an agreement to maintain the
rehabilitated scheme, and contribute to O&M;
Step 6: WUA involved in selecting contractors
Step 7: WUA and WRD monitor construction
Step 8: WUA quality of works and endorse payments.
INTRODUCTION OF PIM AND
WUA CAPACITY BUILDING
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Development of Chhattisgarh PIM Act, rules,
regulations and agreements
Initial awareness building on CIDP, PIM and
support for WUA election
Mobilization of farmers and their organizations
and initial knowledge-building
Organizing and catalyzing active farmer/WUA
involvement in R&U
WUA strengthening and capacity building
INTRODUCTION OF PIM AND
WUA CAPACITY BUILDING
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Developing, introducing and internalizing improved
O&M procedures and water management by WUAs
and through WUA-WRD partnerships, including
contractual agreements between WUAs and WRD
Introducing improved agricultural practices and
technologies for increased rice production in kharif
and diversified cropping through:
- Training and extension services (using the Department
of Agriculture and NGOs)
- Organizing farmers (by NGOs) to improve farm
productivity, input supply, access to credit, and marketing
INTRODUCTION OF PIM AND
WUA CAPACITY BUILDING
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Improving the collection of irrigation fees
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Introducing women’s participation in O&M
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Establishment of monitoring and evaluation and
management information systems
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Consolidation and institutionalization of PIM and
introduction of improved O&M and agricultural
practices
KEY ACTIVITIES
Improved Water
Management and Water
Productivity
 Participatory R&U of
selected schemes
 O&M: improved water
use, canal operation
(focusing on equity and
reliability) and better
on-farm water and land
management
 WRD Strengthening
 WUA Strengthening
 WUA-WRD Partnerships
 Introduction of better
irrigation technology
Improved Agricultural
Production
 Enhanced cropping
patterns and crop
diversification
 Matching water supplies
and crop demand
 Improved agricultural
practices
 Introducing modern
agricultural practices, via
farmers’ training and
extension
 Organizing farmers to
manage input purchase
and marketing
 Providing support services,
and credit
Improved Incomes
 Improved farm
productivity, food
security, and reduced
rural poverty
PRO-POOR FOCUSED INTERVENTIONS
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Focus on areas with poor rural population
Legislation for participatory irrigation management
Support to WUA development and farmers’ training
Participatory planning, design and implementation of
R&U works
Introduction of decentralized irrigation water
management, and reliable and equitable water
delivery managed by WUAs
Improved irrigation practices and crop diversification
Introduction of transparent O&M funding and
improved O&M procedures
Increased attention to gender and environment issues
PAKISTAN
PUNJAB IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
INVESTMENT PROGRAM (PIAIP)
• Ten year financing facility - $900 million - 2006
• Provides an Integrated Approach to:
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Irrigation
Water Resources Management
Agricultural Services
Project Hardware and Software
• Greater Resource Access, Reduced Risks, Better
Livelihood Options
KEY ISSUES IN PUNJAB
• Irrigated agriculture in Punjab (i) 28% of Punjab’s GDP, (ii)
54% of the labor force, (iii) 90% of agricultural output, and (iv)
95% of the water resources
• Over $20 billion in irrigation assets – old, very deteriorated,
and inadequate O&M resources
• Poor irrigation service delivery with low accountability and
transparency
• Limited agricultural productivity
• High water demand – private tubewells supply half the
irrigation water in the command area but they are not
regulated and of variable quality leading to overdraft and
salinity problems in some areas
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
• Economic growth and improved livelihoods
– Increased productivity of irrigated agriculture
– Increased sustainability of water and land
resources
Lower Bari Doab Canal Improvement Project
• Over 700,000 ha; 275,000 farm families; 2 million people
• Component 1: Rehab of the Balloki Barrage and Main Canal
– Allows more irrigation water to the canal system – more to access
– Mitigate flood risks and impacts – poor are most vulnerable
• Component 2: Rehab of the Distribution Network (all smaller
canals and field outlets)
– Ensures improved water supply reaches the farmers’ fields
– New infrastructure for improved measurement, control and management
– Rehab is undertaken with full participation of Farmer Organizations
• More responsive to farmer needs
• Generates ownership for the system on behalf of the farmers
• Develops social capital for Farmer Organizations
Lower Bari Doab Canal Improvement Project
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Component 3: Groundwater Management –
ensures sustainable exploitation, provides options
for conjunctive use, establishes best practices for
land/salinity management, reduces resource risks
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Farmer training through Farmer Organizations
Well-drillers training and certification program
System level groundwater modeling and management
strategies
Benefits tail-enders/poor disproportionately
Sustains private investment for shallow tubewells
Lower Bari Doab Canal Improvement Project
• Component 4: On-Farm Water Management and
Agriculture provides improved livelihoods options and
reduces agricultural risks
– Agricultural field demonstrations and extension programs for
every Farmer Organization
– Improved field channel design and land leveling for
improved irrigation efficiency, increased productivity, and
better land management
– Alternative irrigation technologies and other water
management/conservation techniques
– Groundwater, conjunctive use, and salinity management
Lower Bari Doab Canal Improvement Project
• Component 5: Institutional Strengthening and
Operations Modernization to empower farmer access
to manage water and improve service delivery
– Development of Farmer Organizations (FOs)
– Creation of Irrigation Management Units to support FOs with
O&M, groundwater, agriculture, and management
– Redirects and improves financial flows to FOs for O&M
– Analyze Irrigation Department operations, financial flows,
staffing, and other management concerns to develop a
modernization strategy and restructuring plan
– Decentralized management of the entire irrigation system
and its transition to an Area Water Board with farmer
representation
POSITIVE REFORM ENVIRONMENT
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High economic growth and overall climate of reform
Long-term coordinated sector engagement of ADB, JBIC,
and WB
Institutional Framework in Place for Reform
– Provincial Irrigation and Drainage Authority Act 1997
– Punjab Irrigation Sector Reform Program 2006
– Punjab Irrigation Sector Development Policy Loans – World Bank
2006-8
– Punjab Irrigated Agriculture Development Program – ADB 2006-16
Government sensitized to reforms through previous
projects
Strong political will and leadership in Government
Government leading the reform effort and the donor
coordination – strong ownership of the process
REFORM LESSONS LEARNED
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Providing users access to governance and management over
irrigation improves their access to irrigation
Reforms require commitment by all stakeholders
Reforms need a clear and sound policy/legal/statutory
foundation to support implementation
Reforms should be systemic and comprehensive to address
interrelated issues – piecemeal solution may not work
Proper planning and sequencing of reforms and allocation of
adequate time and resources is required
Reforms should be supported through the coincident
development of infrastructure
Transparency and accountability are key design principles
Ongoing capacity building for all stakeholders is essential
Active participation of WUA/FOs and farmers is vital
WUA/FO REFORM LESSONS LEARNED
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WUA/FO development is a long-term process
WUA/FOs require capacity development and support for all
aspects of irrigation – O&M, management and governance etc.
WUA/FOs need to be involved in all aspects of irrigation
development and management
WUA/FO development should be conceived within a context of
overall sector reform – not an isolated event
WUA/FOs should have a strong legal foundation
WUA/FO by-laws should ensure maximum access for all water
users including tenants, sharecroppers, women, etc.
Irrigation Departments require engagement, capacity
development, and a clear role/responsibilities to support WUAs
Adequate financial resources for WUA/FOs and a focus on
O&M is necessary for sustainable improvement
IRRIGATED FOOD FOR THOUGHT
• How best to integrate irrigation with agriculture
and resource management?
• What is the best way forward for more responsive
and accountable irrigation management at all
levels - including irrigation departments?
• How can the structure and modalities for irrigation
subsidies be improved? or Should irrigation be
subsidized? – what part(s), how and why?
• Irrigation – is there a trade off between poverty
and productivity, equity and efficiency? and if so,
how should it be addressed if at all?
• Irrigation and poverty – what next?
Thank You