Transcript WFSC 420
Environmental
Science: Toward a
Sustainable Future
Richard T. Wright
Chapter 6
Population and
Development
PPT by Clark E. Adams
Population and Development
Reassessing
the demographic
transition
Promoting development – good and
bad news
A new direction: social modernization
The Cairo conference
What Is Unique about Kerala?
Kerala When Compared to India
Life
expectancy 71 years versus 61
for India
Infant mortality 17/1,000 versus
72/1,000 for India
Fertility rate 1.8 versus 3.3 for India
Kerala When Compared to India
95%
literacy rate
All villages in state have access to
school and modern health services
Women as well educated as men
In Brief, This Chapter Is About
Improving
the lives of people
Reducing fertility rates
Protecting the environment
Reassessing the Demographic
Transition
Development
must be linked to a
reduction in poverty
Existing poverty is an affront to
humanity and should not be
tolerated
Both poverty and development are
threats to the health of the
environment
Demographic Transition:
Developed and Developing
Countries
The Demographic Window
Fertility Rate and Income
Reasons for Large Families in
Developing Countries
Old
age security
Infant and childhood mortality rates
Children are an economic asset
Importance of education
Status of women
Availability of contraceptives
The Poverty Cycle
How the Work Gets Done in
Developing Countries
Discuss Interrelationships of
Factors Influencing Family Size
Importance of education and children
viewed as economic assets or liabilities
Status of women and importance of
education
Income and old age security
Cultural views on child-bearing
Contraceptive use and availability
Fertility Rate
Contraceptive Prevalence and
Fertility Rates
Percent Using Contraceptive
Contraceptives
Psychological/Behavioral: abstention,
calendar rhythm method
Mechanical: condoms, diaphragms
Chemical: the pill, Norplant
Surgical: tubal ligation, vasectomy
Intrauterine Devices (IUD): abortion
device
Contraceptive Use and Fertility
Rates
Adult Female Illiteracy: A Global
Comparison
Promoting Development: Good and
Bad News
Millennium
development goals
World agencies at work
The debt crisis
Development aid
Some Sobering Facts
One-fifth
of the world’s population
(1.2 billion) live on less than $1/day
1.5 billion lack access to clean water
2.4 billion lack access to sanitary
facilities
Some Sobering Facts
790
million are malnourished
Environmental degradation is
rampant
Fertility rates highest in poorest
countries
Millennium Development Goals
(Table 6-2)
Eradicate
extreme poverty and
hunger
Achieve universal primary education
Promote gender equality and
empower women
Reduce child mortality
Millennium Development Goals
(Table 6-2)
Improve
maternal health
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and
other diseases
Ensure environmental sustainability
Forge a global partnership for
development
Millennium Development Goal
World Agencies at Work: The World
Bank
Helped
initiate the Millennium
Development Goals
Environmental strategy: Making
Sustainable Commitments
World Agencies at Work: The World
Bank
No
increased GNP
Increased absolute poverty
Large-scale decentralized
projects: hydroelectric dams
Large cattle operations (see Fig.
6-9)
Cash crops
World Bank Reform
Improving
the quality of life
Improving the quality of growth
Improving the quality of the regional
and global commons
The Debt Crisis
$2.44
trillion in 2001
The typical credit–debt trap
Creditor countries primary
beneficiaries
Coping with the Debt Crisis
Grow
cash crops
Develop austerity measures
Exploit natural resources
Development Aid
A New Direction: Social
Modernization
Improving
education for girls and
women
Improving health and lowering infant
mortality
Making family planning accessible
Enhancing income through
employment opportunities
Improving resource management
The Greatest Challenge to Health
Care in Developing Countries
AIDS
(Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome)
Effect of AIDS on Future Population
Structure
Impacts of AIDS Epidemic
90% of all HIV-infected people (50
million by 2004) live in developing
countries
Life expectancy in Botswana was 61
years in 1980 – now 39 years
One million elementary students lost
teachers
25 million AIDS orphans in developing
world by 2010
Family Planning
Counseling
on: STDs, contraceptives,
spacing children, pregnancy
avoidance
Supplying contraceptives
Pre- and postnatal care
More or Less?
Cutbacks
in family-planning services
lead to (more or less) unwanted
pregnancies and (more or less)
demand for abortions.
Employment and Income:
Grameen Bank Loans
(Microlending)
Primarily
to women
Do not upset existing social
structure
Utilize local resources
Utilize central work places
Help develop self-reliance
Resource Management
Replant
trees
Prevent erosion
Resource management educational
programs
Putting It All Together: Social
Development
The 1994 Cairo Conference
All nations agreed that population is an
issue of crisis proportions that must be
confronted forthrightly.
Formulated the 1994 International
Conference on Population and
Development Program of Action (ICPD
Program of Action)
The 1994 ICPD Program of
Action
Maintaining
and enhancing
productivity of natural resources
Empowerment of women
Emphasis on family
The 1994 ICPD Program of
Action
Enhancing
reproductive and basic
health of women and children
Improve education opportunities for
women
Reduce population migrations
International cooperation (0.7% GNP
of developed world)
End of Chapter 6