Transcript Slide 1
Notes FAILURE OF CONTAINMENT • Eastern European Satellite Nations become Communist • 1949-China Becomes Communist – Even though we supported the anti-Communist Nationalists (Chiang Kai-shek) – Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists were corrupt and the people chose Mao Zedong and Communism COMMUNISM GETS MAJOR FIREPOWER • Scientists suspected that a more powerful bomb could be built- the Hydrogen Bomb • November 1, 1952- U.S. builds H-Bomb • August 1953- Soviets build H-Bomb • BRINKMANSHIP- new policy to be willing to go to the edge of all out war with the USSR COMMUNISM UNITES • 1955- Warsaw Pactthe Communist version of NATO. – Soviets and 7 E. European Countries join together – This happened when W. Germany joined NATO and freaked the Soviets out http://images2.wikia.nocookie.net/uncyclopedia/images/thumb/9/96/Warsaw_Pact_Poster.jpg/300px-Warsaw_Pact_Poster.jpg KOREA AND VIETNAM • The Communism disease is spreading!!! • June 1950- Communist N.Korea attacks S. Korea • July 1954- Geneva Accord divides Vietnam into North and South. North is Communist ruled by Ho Chi Minh • Now Korea and Vietnam threaten to fall • MUST STOP THE ZOMBIES!! http://www.freeclipartnow.com/holidays/halloween/zombie.jpg.html • After WWII, Japanese controlled Korea surrendered – North Korea surrendered to Soviets- Communist – South Korea surrendered to the US- Democratic – The dividing line was the 38th parallel N, latitude line. • June 1950- September 1950- North Korea Invades and pushes South Korea to Pusan • UN Resolution to send military aid to South Korea. – Soviets had veto power, but were boycotting and therefore not present at the vote • Sept-Oct 1950- MacArthur drives Communists all the way to Yalu river on the northern edge of Korea • Nov 1950-Jan 1951- China comes to the aid of North Korea and pushes back to the 38th parallel – MacArthur wanted to NUKE China- but that would have dragged the Soviets in and caused WWIII. – MacArthur began “mouthing off” against Truman – He was FIRED. • By 1953, the war officially ended after more than a year of negotiations. HUNGARY INCIDENT • Satellite nationHungary • 1956- Hungarian revolt calls for democracy!!! • Imre Nagy- formed new gov., promised elections, broke Warsaw Pact, demand Soviet troops leave • TANKS- 30,000 dead • US/UN- no help http://www.psywarrior.com/HungarianRevolt.jpg USSR LEADS SPACE TECHNOLOGY!!!! • 10/4/1957- Soviets launch Sputnik satellite to orbit earth. • Scares USA. Soviets lead us in advanced technology. • THE SPACE RACE begins!!! • 1/31/58- US launches satellite U-2 INCIDENT • July 1955- the Geneva Convention- Eisenhower proposes “open skies”. USSR says no. • U-2 plane- spy plane that could fly at high altitudes to avoid detection & take infrared pictures of the enemy. • May 1, 1960- Soviets shoot down a U-2 • Pilot Francis Gary Powers imprisoned • Eisenhower promises Khruschev that spy flights will stop http://www.virginiawestern.edu/faculty/vwhansd/HIS112/Images/U2plane.jpg CHINA BECOMES COMMUNIST I. Two Sides Face-off Mao ZeDong Communist Leader of Red Army Peasant hero: promise to divide land for peasants In the North Guerilla warfare Chiang Kai-Shek Nationalist “Democratic”- or at least anti-Communist 2.5 million man army In the South Ineffective, corrupt leaders, poor economy II. USA HELPS Chiang Kai-Shek • Civil War 1946-1949 • Nationalists winning at first • Nationalists outnumbered Communists 3:1 • U.S. gave $2 billion to help http://courses.missouristate.edu/DennisHickey/mao.gif III. Mao is Victorious • Economy was collapsing • Nationalist soldiers deserted • Mao used guerilla warfare • His soldiers were excited about land Mao promised to peasants • October 1949, Chiang Kai-Shek’s army flees Zedong takes over • People’s Republic of China established http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jiang_Jieshi.jpg Unknown; scanned by 天竺鼠 (talk) 15:26, 21 December 2010 (UTC) English: (Shōwa 16 [1941]) Saishin Shina yōjinden [The Most Recent Biographies of Important Chinese People]. Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun. IV. SOVIETS and AMERICANS • Chiang Kai-Shek set up “Republic of China” in Taiwan • U.S. supported • Mao set up “People’s Republic of China” • Soviet supported V. Communism Expands • China quickly expanded to S. Mongolia, Tibet, and India • Tibetans rioted, and Dalai Lama fled to India • Tension increased between India and China VI. A New China • Mao controlled Communist party and the national gov for about 10 years. • Agrarian Reform Law 1950Mao seized land from landlords and gave it to peasants. Killed over 1 million landlords who resisted • Collective farms of 200-300 households • Sound familiar? • Industry and Businesslaunched a Soviet style 5 year plan- Coal, steel, cement, and electricity improved VII. Great Leap Forward (BACKWARD) • The Great Leap Forward- 1958 – Set up large Collective farms called communes – People worked, lived and ate together – FAILURE: No motivation to work, plus crop failures between 19581961 killed 20 million • VIII. Cultural Revolution: Trouble in Other leaders began making “Paradise” changes – Families could live in their own home – Sell crops from private plots – Factory workers compete for wages, bonuses and promotions • Mao disapproved: Set up Red Guard – “learn revolution by making revolution” – Goal: set up a society of EQUAL peasants and workers • Intellectuals attacked- Colleges were shut down • Intellectuals could “purify” themselves by doing manual labor • Thousands imprisoned or executed • This hurt factory and farm production • By 1976, even Mao agreed it had to stop. The Red Guard was dissolved IX. Women in China Heaven” • • • • • Mao devoted to women’s liberation from early on ended foot binding win legal rights for women open education, career opportunities Nationalists- Chiang Kai-Shek supported more traditional roles of women • Women essential to war effort at home, on front lines • After 1949 women expected to work outside the home along with family responsibilities without the benefits of modern appliances • Upper levels of party and gov’t bureaucracy still open to only men CONTAINING COMMUNISM in the 1960s NOTES CUBA- COMMUNISM OFF OUR COAST!!! • Fidel Castro- revolutionary against fascist gov in Cuba • Castro takes control of Cuba in 1959 • Cuba becomes communist Cuban Missile Crisis • October 1962- US spy planes see nuclear missiles in Cuba • Kennedy told the publicexplained that an attack on US would result in an all out attack on the USSR • Standoff in the Atlantic • Soviets agreed- remove missiles • US agreed- would not invade Cuba, remove missiles from Turkey BERLIN WALL- THE ULTIMATE SYMBOL OF THE COLD WAR • East Germany- Communist/ West Germany- Free • East Berlin- Communist/ West Berlin- Free • Berlin Airlift • Berliner were escaping from East to West • Advertised the unpopularity of living under communism • August 1961-East Germany built a wall. http://dreamofarlequin.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/berlin-wall.jpg Causes of the Vietnam War • • • • Vietnam Colonized by French in late 1800s Ho Chi Minh – resistance leader before and after WWII. Viet Minh army defeats France in 1954 Nations’ delegates meet in Geneva • Geneva Accords – French leave Vietnam – Temporarily divided in two – North – Communists, South“democratic” – National election in two years to reunite the country (never happened) Domino Theory and Diem Oppression • Comparison of SE Asia to dominoes • US sends money, military advisors • Diem is corrupt and unpopularcancels elections, forces S. Vietnamese to relocate to protect them from the Vietcong • Opposition in South to Diem grows http://www.ausvets.com.au/vietnam/1963/fire5e2.jpg Troops in Vietnam • In 1964 Johnson won the election- promising to keep US troops out • Over 500,000 troops by end of 1967 PLAY 8TH OF NOV SONG http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Entertainment/Images/Vietnam-War-helicopter.jpg Vietnamese Determination and Nationalism • Communists : “people’s war” • Millions support ‘Uncle Ho’ • Ho Chi Minh Trail- provided materials and support from N Vietnam to Vietcong in the south • Plight of the Vietnamese civilians – 80% killed in North were civilians – “search and destroy” missions – Napalm and Agent Orange http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Ho_ Chi_Minh_1946.jpg&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh&h=262&w=193&tbnid=7 85t3VOlViGGlM:&zoom=1&q=ho+chi+minh&tbnh=186&tbnw=137&usg=__EoSbDWaCD3kTpNL gVvvBxDa3QsQ=&docid=YFASd6bjSimf7M&itg=1&sa=X&ei=BoRNU__DHoGO2wX36oDoCg&s qi=2&ved=0CJABEPwdMAw&surl=1&safe=active Waning Support at Home in USA • Protests begin in 1965 (sit-ins, group protests) – 500,000 demonstrate in Washington D.C. in 1969 • Reasons for increasing unpopularity of war – More and more American casualties – Reasons for our involvement questioned – Effect of mass media (i.e. television, magazines) http://news.haverford.edu/blogs/amongfriends/files/2008/12/we-wont-fight-final.jpg U.S. Forces Leave Vietnam • U.S. forces leave Vietnam by end of March 1973 • Fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975 • Americans: 58,000 dead, 303,000 wounded • Vietnam: 10% of population dead (4 million people) • $120 billion The Cold War Cools Down • 1970s: New Era • Brinkmanship lessens. • Richard Nixon was the first U.S. President to : – Visit Communist China – Visit the Soviet Union • SALT I Treaty was signed- limiting ICBMs Fall of USSR • Massive gov’t investment in industry, science, weapons and space nearly bankrupted gov’t at the expense of agriculture, consumer goods • Public discontent with lack of consumer goods • Why? – Capitalism more profitable system The End • Gorbachev – New premier of USSR in 1980s – Glasnost- openness – Perestroika- economic restructuring • More private ownership • Land inheritance • Coup attempt in 1991 • End of 1991 Boris Yeltsin of Russia headed new Commonwealth of Independent States http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/RIAN_archive_850809_General_Secretary _of_the_CPSU_CC_M._Gorbachev_(crop).jpg Poland • Solidarity-The shipyard union in Poland. – Strike in 1980 – Demanded recognition • Lech Walesa – Solidarity Union Leader – hero • Communists declared Martial law http://www.achievement.org/achi evers/wal1/large/wal1-003.jpg – Realized it wasn’t working – Long lines, shortages, high prices – Workers walked off job – Free election in 1989,1990 – Walesa elected • PEACEFUL TRANSITION East Germany • • East German Communist Party boss Erich Honecker resisted reforms As E. Germans began escaping to W. Germany via Hungary and Austria. – Germany closed borders. – Protests ensued. • New leader Krenze tried to stabilize situation by opening wall. – Did not work – People discovered gov corruption – Krenze and other Communist officials resigned – Communism was over in E Germany • Reunification of E & W Germany – People feared Germany becoming too powerful like WWII http://si.wsj.net/public/resources/images/EIAX495_WALL_P_G_20091020221231.jpg http://media.cnsnews.com/resources/56859.jpg