Transcript 3/10/15 - World history

9th Honors 3.10.15
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Today’s Learning Objectives:
I can understand the
circumstances in
Russia that lead to a
revolution
Today’s Agenda:
 Russian Revolution
 Topics
HW:
 Select your topic

C/R/A—6 articles on your topic:
DUE FRIDAY 3/13
Commies!
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Meanwhile, V.I. Lenin returned to
Russia from exile
• Head of the Bolshevik
faction—the radicals.
Committed communists
• Strength comes from
the Soviets, workers’
councils
The Bolsheviks’ slogan—why would
this appeal to the Russian People?
Bolshevik takeover-Nov. 1917
In response to “War Communism”
After the November Revolution
• Elections for a constituent assembly didn’t
give Bolsheviks a majority
• In January, Bolsheviks disrupted the assembly
with troops and dissolved opposition councils
• Abolished private property, nationalized
factories, redistributed land to the peasants.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Russians agreed to an armistice –
cease fire in December 1917
• Russians agreed to a very harsh
peace treaty in March 1918.
• Gave Germany control over
millions of square miles of
territory from the old Russian
Empire
• TAKE A LOOK AT THE MAP—
What did the Germans gain with
this territory?
• Treaty was never really
implemented because Germany
was defeated in November 1918
Almost immediately, civil war breaks
out-start of the Cold War?
• Bolsheviks (Red Army) vs.
White Russians
• Whites: landlords and land
owners, some peasants,
supporters of the
aristocracy, liberals, nonRussian ethnic groups
• Britain, U.S., France, Japan,
among others, sent troops
to Russia to block Germans
and support White Russians
• Foreign intervention promoted a
sense of nationalism that aided the
Reds. Lenin used this as a
propaganda device.
• The intervention of the western
nations was based on a fear of
communism, wanting to stop German
advance, and practical ones (Lenin’s
refusal to pay the czar’s debts).
Russian Civil War 1918-1922
• Very brutal; millions die
• Hunger, disease, death,
and chaos
• Industrial production
declines 80% compared
to 1913. Farm
production barely 1/3 of
pre-war levels
• Bolsheviks cracked
down to survive.
Bolsheviks won; foreign
forces withdrew
THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY
• The USSR faced serious eco. issues w/
the conclusion of the civil wars
• W. nations refused to trade w/ Russia
• It proved difficult to switch quickly to a
Marxist/communist system
• In 1921 Lenin responded with the NEP
• It was an attempt to rebuild agri. and
industry thru a free market system
• The NEP worked and Lenin seemed
ready to return to Marxist principles
• But his health deteriorated after a 1922
stroke, and he died in 1924
• This created a power vacuum and a
struggle between Trotsky and Stalin
Leon Trotsky
• intellectual, head of the Red
Army
• favored the doctrine of World
Revolution
– the USSR could not survive as
the sole communist state
– the USSR must therefore seek
to “export” revolution.
– as a doctrinaire communist he
opposed the NEP
Josef Stalin
• favored “Socialism in One Country”
– the USSR should strengthen itself and lead the
communist world by example
• as a pragmatist, he supported the NEP
• experienced as a bureaucrat, he became
the Party’s General Secretary in 1922:
here he appointed many apparatchiks
(these allies were crucial to Stalin’s rise)
– Apparatus of the communist party
– Professional politicians
• their power struggle lasted until 1928,
when Stalin was able to maneuver into a
position of power and defeat his enemies,
particularly Trotsky
– Trotsky was forced into exile in 1929
and eventually murdered with an ice
pick by Stalin’s agents in Mexico City
in 1940
• He was still very openly critical of Stalin
and his rule.
– Stalin’s rule saw the emergence of
totalitarianism in the USSR
• Stalin condemned all deviation from
“the party line”
• His style of leadership was that of an
“office dictator” who did not rely on his
personality but on his party officials
Propaganda
Terror-Purges/NKVD (Secret Police)
Of the 26, by the
end of “The
Revolution” &
Stalin’s time in
power:
• ½ (13) were killed
intentionally or died
in prison.
•3 died in the Civil
War
•1 suicide
•8 from “natural
causes”
•Only 2 outlived
Stalin
Stalin’s paranoia wouldn’t rest
• Stalin began the
Purges in 1934 when
his deputy Sergei Kirov
was murdered
• Stalin cracked down on
potential opposition
Anyone perceived as a
threat was forced to
confess in public trials and
then executed/shipped to
a gulag (labor camp)
• Millions disappeared
during this time; the party
leadership and army officer
corps was especially
decimated
The Gulag
System
Soviet path to industrialization
• Stalin’s 5-year plans
emphasized “heavy
industry” to catch to
the West
• Industrial production
boomed , up by 700
percent in the 1930s
• Collective farms
established in an effort
to increase agricultural
production
Industrialization Stalin Style
– Industrial growth was stunning,
but it was achieved by diverting
consumption from consumer
goods
• people’s standard of-living
declined
• the plan focused on large
megaprojects such as dams,
factories, not consumer goods
• living conditions also deteriorated:
overcrowding, food and housing
shortages
• unrealistic production quotas were
set, and tremendous sacrifices and
ruthless methods were used to
reach them
• The state took food produced by
collective farms to feed industrial
workers
Collectivization of Agriculture
• Collectivization: grouping or pooling of farms to ensure a
maximum production.
• All the peasants worked on them while Communist party
officials monitored their output.
• Collectivization did not appeal to wealthier peasant farmers
called, 'Kulaks' who did not want to share their livelihood and
wealth with others. Most Kulaks were killed or sent to work
camps in Siberia because they began
burning their farms in an attempt to
rebel against the policy.
• By 1932, 62% of all peasants
were successfully collectivized.
Human costs of this policy: Ukraine
Famine 1932-1933
Holodomor: “Killing by hunger”
5- 7 million dead.
Economic policy?
or
Genocide? (Deliberate
targeting of
Ukrainians—see map,
known for their
“independent” beliefs)
Why did the Holodomor occur?
Grain was diverted to feed industrial
workers
Grain sold to other countries (exported)
so that the Soviet Union can gain cash.
Holodomor: “Killing by hunger” 1932-33(?)
Geno+cide (1944) WWII
“race” Greek+ “killer” Latin
Völkermeuchelnden (German)
Englished in 1893 as “folkmurdering”
from Populicide (French
Revolution)
• 1929—Ukrainian farmers are
successful, yet “rebellious” farmers
(kulaks)
• 1930—dekulakization policies—
armed confiscation, and
“relocation” leads to ~1.5 million
Ukrainians being moved (or dead…)
• 1932-33—Stalin increases the
quotas for Ukrainian farms—crops
to the state before the people.
• “…teach a lesson through famine”
although Stalin denies any famine
to other world powers
– 1933: FDR formally recognizes
Stalin’s govt & negotiates a trade
agreement.
• Stalin was able to do this,
unlike Lenin, b/c the gov’t
was firmly in place and all
opposition had been
eliminated/reduced through
state terror/propaganda
– Stalin combined communism
and dictatorship in this time,
setting the tone for future
communist leaders
– By 1941, the USSR was one of
the top 3 economic powers in
the world (Germany and USA
were the others)
Indoctrination & Propaganda
“Thank you, Comrade Stalin, for our happy childhood”
Russian/Soviet Dead in 20th Century
• World War 1
• Civil War/famine
• Stalin’s purges/
Holodomor
• World War 2
• TOTAL
1914-18
1918-22
1.7 million
9-14 million
1924-1953 20-30 million
1939-1945 27 million
60-75 million