Transcript Penerapan AT (Artificial Intelligent) dan Computing

3) Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)
• MRT can contribute to (benefits)
– Urban efficiency
– The need of the poor in large urban areas
• But MRT imposes a heavy fiscal burden
• These benefits do not always accrue
– Financing damage local economy & preclude other
social investments
– Passenger flows are overestimated
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Central challenges
• Identify the strategic objectives
• Explore means (technology, finance,
pricing)
– Secure the benefits
– Evade the risks
• Optimal mix of technology and staging of
MRT expansion
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Its role within city development
strategy
• reduce congestion (particularly rail-based)
• permit city center activity, i.e., avoid urban
sprawl
• Provide basic accessibility (poor cities)
• Affordable
• Assessment of MRT should be made in
accordance with the strategy
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Its role to urban structure
• Allow central business district continue
growing (structuring effect)
– Focus on the city center, and save on public
infrastructure costs in other areas
– Avoiding the costs -> merits of MRT
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Choice of technology
• Busways
• Light Rapid Transit (LRT)
• Metros (heavy railway system)
• (See table 8.1 for performance and costs)
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3.1) Busways
• The least-expensive form of MRT
• Costs between $1- $8 millions per km
– Sophisticated system costs $15 millions
(Quito & Bogota)
• Well-designed system has capacity up to
– 20,000 pphpd (Curitiba)
– 36,000 pphpd (Bogota) with reduced speed of
20 km per hour
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Busways (cont.)
• For successful system needs strong
political commitment in
– Planning
– infrastructure management
– Service management and procurement
• Rare in developing countries
– Regarded as a relatively primitive system
– Capacity is seen as limited
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Busways in Curitiba
(a doubled articulated bus)
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Busways in Curitiba
(high quality network)
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3.2) Light Rapid Transit (LRT)
• Ranges from
– on-street tramway (Eastern Europe)
– to elevated & segregated system (Malaysia &
Singapore)
• Costs between $10- $30 millions per km
• Functions as
– High-quality alternative to cars
– Feeder to heavy rail system
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LRT: Tramp at Graz, Austria
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LRT: Tramp at Nantes, France
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LRT: Tramp at Curitiba
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LRT
PUTRA
Malaysia
(fully
segregated
system)
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LRT PUTRA Malaysia Star route
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LRT PUTRA Malaysia: Station
receiving Star train
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An elevated section of the Putra Metro
undergoing test running
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