Transcript Slide 1

Transit Oriented Development:
A Case Study of MetroLink in the
St. Louis Region
Dr. Barbara Grothe, Executive Director, RegionWise, St. Louis
Dr. Kristi Walker, Detroit, Michigan
Laura Zacher, Senior Project Manager,Economic Development Resources, STL
Definition of Transit-Oriented
Development (TOD)
•
mixed uses, walkable, location-efficient
•
balance the need for sufficient density to
support convenient transit service
•
meet the scale of the adjacent community
•
attention to civic uses
“Successful development around transit demands a new form of
community building that transforms the area into a place so
special and irresistible that people will invest there, live there and
visit again and again”.
Recent Literature on Transit
Oriented Development
• Transit Oriented Development: Moving
from Rhetoric to Reality
Brookings Institution, Center on Urban and Metropolitan
Policy, June 2002, Dena Belzer & Gerald Autler
• Ten Principles for Successful
Development Around Transit
The Urban Land Institute, 2003, Robert Dunphy,
Deboarh Myerson, Michael Pawlukiewicz
TOD Performance Indicators
1. Location Efficiency – place makes driving optional
2. Value Recapture – savings from reducing
transportation costs
3. Livability – improvements in quality of life
4. Financial Return – returns on public & private
investments
5. Choice – providing housing, shopping, and
traveling options for residents
6. Efficient Land-use Patterns – balance between
population growth and urbanized land area
TOD Performance Indicators –
Matched to Census Data
Concepts
Individual Measures
Number of Vehicles (Reduced Auto Ownership)
Travel Time to Work (decrease) also congestion
Tranportation Type (Reduced Auto Use and Transp Costs) + Increased Transit Ridership
Residential Density (housing units & Total Population)
Location Efficient Mortgage (Increases in use of)
Transit Quality and (Connections to City and Region)
Quality Pedestrian Environment (Improv Access to Public Spaces)
Mix-Use Environment (Live, Work,Shop, Play) Stations that are Destin and Orig
Incrased Mobility Choices (walking bicycling plus transit)
Increased Home-Ownership Rates (%Owner Occupied)
Improved Air quality and gasoline consumption
Economic Health Improvement Median Household Income
Economic Health Improvement Employment
Better Public Health and Public Safety (traffic accidents- pollution related illness)
Increases in Property Values (Housing Value & Assessor)
Increases in Retail Sales (sales tax data)
Diversity of Housing Types (SF, 2, Multi)
Affordable Housing Options (Housing Value)
Location Value
Efficiency Recapture
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Efficient
Financial
Land Use
Livability Return
Choice Patterns
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Wellston Station
Wellston Station
Housing Stock
•¼ mile-Small, single family, separate lots. Infill and
new housing. Some new suburban style with garage
in front of house (in Wellston). Mixed frame & brick in
University City is better maintained. Area needs
dense housing closer to transit stop.
•Housing improves as one moves from ¼ mile of
transit stop to ½ mile. Both single and multi-family
family, modest and high end.
•Habitat for Humanity Housing Development under
construction within 0.2 miles of station
Parks and Green Spaces
•One established park on hill adjacent to Metro
station - large, with play equipment and a
performance platform
•High school fields
•Day time tot lot
•Pagedale City Park
Community Assets
•Some churches serve as community centers
•Eskridge Memorial High School
•2 Day Care Centers
Services and Retail
•Grocery Store
•Liquor store
•Sandwich shop
•Convenience store
•Couldn’t tell if laundromat was open (Hodiamont &
Etzel)
•Car detailing shop, motel, auto body
Employment
•Full parking lots
•Wagner Electric, General Electric, a University City
Industrial Park (Cunningham).
•Industrial work center to south of station not
connected well for the pedestrian, no sidewalks
•St. Louis Enterprise Center of Wellston under
construction within 0.1 mile of station
•Shift change at work centers confirmed a number of
walkers, transit consumers
Livability and Location Efficiency
Population, Housing, and Income Change 1990 - 2000
Wellston MetroLink
Station (Census Tracts in 3
City of Wellston
Communities)
1990
2000
Percent
Change
1990
2000
Percent
Change
Population
3,616
3,164
-12.5
3,612
2,460
-31.9
Housing Units
1,473
1,368
-7.1
1,299
968
-25.5
Median
Household
Income
22,326
23,946
7.3
15,964
21,596
35.3
% Unemployed
18.9
9.9
* - 9.0
28
16
*-12.0
* Change in percentage points 1990 - 2000
Location Efficiency, Value Recapture,
Financial Return
Transportation Mode to Work 1990 – 2000
Wellston MetroLink Station
City of Wellston
(Census Tracts in 3 Communities)
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
Drive Alone
66.1
65.5
-0.6
60.4
57.9
-2.5
Carpool
13.8
14.7
0.9
17.4
19.6
2.2
Public
Transit
15.6
16.1
0.5
13.0
19.9
6.9
Walk
4.6
2.5
-2.1
7.2
1.0
-6.2
Other
1.2
1.1
-0.1
0.9
1.7
0.8
Work at
Home
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
0.0
-1.1
Total # of
Workers
1,245
1,161
948
705
Location Efficiency, Livable Communities,
Efficient Land Use Patterns
Travel Time to Work 1990 – 2000
Wellston MetroLink Station
City of Wellston
(Minutes)
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
< 10
7.6
7.9
0.3
11.1
3.7
-7.4
10 – 14
12.7
6.9
-5.8
7.1
10.8
3.7
15 – 19
17.7
21.4
3.7
18.6
18.6
0.0
20 – 24
21.7
21.2
-0.5
19.2
17.4
-1.8
25 – 29
7.2
6.5
-0.7
7.1
6.5
-0.6
30 – 34
18.0
18.2
0.2
20.3
20.6
0.3
35 – 44
5.4
2.9
-2.5
1.4
6.2
4.8
45 – 59
3.5
8.2
4.7
7.9
6.7
-1.2
60 – 89
4.1
3.2
-0.9
4.8
4.4
-0.4
≥ 90
2.2
3.5
1.3
2.6
5.1
2.5
Total # of
Workers
1,245
1,161
938
705
Choice
Housing Type 1990 – 2000
Wellston MetroLink Station
City of Wellston
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1 unit
detached
73.4
79.4
6.0
67.1
64.2
-2.9
1 unit attached
4.3
2.0
-2.3
7.8
7.1
-0.7
2 units
10.5
8.9
-1.6
6.4
8.6
2.2
3 – 4 units
8.3
6.1
-2.2
7.5
5.6
-1.9
5 – 9 units
0.6
2.6
2.0
2.3
4.0
1.7
10 – 19 units
1.1
0.0
-1.1
5.3
3.1
-2.2
≥ 20 units
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.7
7.4
3.7
Mobile home,
boat, RV van,
etc.
1.9
1.0
-0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
Total Housing
Units
1,473
1,368
1,299
968
Location Efficiency
Number of Vehicles 1990 – 2000
Wellston MetroLink Station
City of Wellston
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
None
20.2
29.1
8.9
31.0
31.5
0.5
1
50.1
48.0
-2.1
40.2
40.4
0.2
2
22.9
19.1
-3.8
16.6
21.8
5.2
≥3
6.8
3.8
-3.0
12.2
6.3
-5.9
Total
Occupied
Housing
Units
1,286
423
1,066
784
Delmar Station
Delmar Station
Delmar Station
Housing Stock
•¼ mile: Established, well cared for, dense - includes
multi-family apartment buildings, large brick housing
stock east of station (Enright, Clemons).
•½ mile: Historic district in need of repair (Cabanne
Place); NW neighborhood fully developed (Parkview
Gardens); new development of high end housing to
NE (West End neighborhood); south neighborhood
primarily single family housing, new housing with
brick facades to blend into historic fabric; SW
neighborhood high-end mansions.
•Parking is on street, off rear alley, several garages
Parks and Green Spaces
•Landscaping on slope down to station affords shade
in a heat island of concrete (industrial area surrounds
station). additional landscaping being installed during
observation period.
•Tot lot in NW
neighborhood
•Walking trail through
SW neighborhood
into retail area
Community Assets
•Grade School
•Closed Middle School (Des Peres)
Services and Retail
•Fully developed and well-managed retail in Loop
area west of station – attractive, promising, pulls
pedestrian, adequate connectivity.
•Retail shops under construction around MetroLink
station
Employment
• Numerous opportunities in retail and service shops
in “Loop” west of station, walking distance > ½ mile
Livability and Location Efficiency
Population, Housing, and Income Change 1990 – 2000
Delmar MetroLink Station
City of St. Louis
(Census tracts in 2 communities)
1990
2000
Percent
Change
1990
2000
Percent
Change
Population
7,439
6,708
-9.8
396,685
348,189
-12.2
Housing Units
3,321
3,555
7.0
194,919
176,354
-9.5
Median
Household
Income
27,666
23,094
-16.5
25,254
27,156
7.5
%
Unemployed
12.8
7.5
*-5.3
11
11
-
* Change in percentage points 1990 - 2000
Location Efficiency, Value Recapture,
Financial Return
Transportation Mode to Work 1990 – 2000
Delmar Loop MetroLink Station
City of St. Louis
(Census tracts in 2 communities)
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
Drive Alone
63.5
61.4
-2.1
66.5
68.9
2.4
Carpool
13.5
12.4
-1.1
14.1
13.6
-0.5
Public
Transit
13.3
11.8
-1.5
12.2
10.7
-1.5
Walk
5.3
10.2
4.9
4.6
4.0
-0.6
Other
3.0
1.7
-1.3
0.9
1.0
0.1
Work at
Home
1.5
2.5
1.0
1.7
1.7
0.0
Total # of
Workers
3,262
2,953
158,499
140,747
Location Efficiency, Livable Communities,
Efficient Land Use Patterns
Travel Time to Work 1990 – 2000
Delmar Loop MetroLink Station
City of St. Louis
(Census tracts in 2 communities)
(Minutes)
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
< 10
11.4
14.3
2.9
10.8
9.8
-1.0
10 – 14
13.0
19.1
6.1
14.6
15.1
0.5
15 – 19
23.6
23.1
-0.5
20.4
18.8
-1.6
20 – 24
18.2
17.4
-0.8
18.8
18.3
-0.5
25 – 29
6.8
6.3
-0.5
6.5
6.7
0.2
30 – 34
12.6
8.8
-3.8
15.8
15.0
-0.8
35 – 44
4.1
2.6
-1.5
4.3
4.4
0.1
45 – 59
6.2
4.6
-1.6
4.8
5.7
0.9
60 – 89
3.1
1.9
-1.2
2.7
3.2
0.5
≥ 90
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.3
2.9
1.6
Total # of
Workers
3,212
2,878
155,785
138,292
Choice
Housing Type 1990 – 2000
Delmar Loop MetroLink Station
City of St. Louis
(Census tracts in 2 communities)
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1 unit
detached
21.4
22.5
1.1
36.1
40.3
4.2
1 unit attached
1.1
2.3
1.2
3.4
3.3
-0.1
2 units
10.4
9.3
-1.1
19.7
18.5
-1.2
3 – 4 units
15.8
13.7
-2.1
18.0
16.5
-1.5
5 – 9 units
26.9
24.0
-2.9
5.9
5.6
-0.3
10 – 19 units
8.8
8.3
-0.5
4.3
3.1
-1.2
≥ 20 units
15.3
20.0
4.7
11.7
12.4
0.7
Mobile home,
boat, RV van,
etc.
0.2
0.0
-0.2
1.1
0.1
-1.0
Total Housing
Units
3,321
3,555
194,919
176,354
Location Efficiency
Number of Vehicles 1990 – 2000
Delmar Loop MetroLink Station
City of St. Louis
(Census tracts in 2 communities)
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
None
31.2
35.7
4.5
29.1
25.2
-3.9
1
40.2
48.1
7.9
42.9
45.8
2.9
2
22.5
13.2
-9.3
21.8
22.6
0.8
≥3
6.1
3.0
-3.1
6.1
6.5
0.4
Total
Occupied
Housing
Units
2,794
2,181
164,931
147,076
Civic Center Station (Savvis)
Housing Stock
•¼ mile: high-end condominiums adjacent to station
(Breckenridge); little else due to large government complexes;
new apartments being developed at border to the east (Cupples
Station redevelopment initiative)
•½ mile-new mixed-income, mixed type housing being
developed to the south (Near South Side neighborhood
revitalization initiative, Mississippi lofts & upcoming Eden lofts),
public housing and new senior housing; housing for the
homeless available to the north; senior housing apartments also
to the north; loft condominiums starting to develop throughout
area due to historic tax credit laws
•Parking-Numerous public garages, private parking lots, and
generous quantity of on-street metered parking; garages and
lots provide monthly and daily rates
Parks and Green Spaces
•Numerous large government buildings are well
landscaped and maintained to the north
•Nestle Purina campus on south border on other side
of huge valley full of railroad tracks (brownfields)
•Gateway Mall runs across the entire north area
providing ample landscaping, strolling opportunities,
park benches, large historic water fountain, smaller
water features; numerous small parks among
buildings
Community Assets
•YMCA on north border; Volunteers of America Community
Center in new senior housing complex on Chouteau and 14th
•Church-related community centers to the south, e.g. St.
Raymond’s; city recreation center just outside boundary to
south, youth teams and sport programming; Union Station
has covered-walking option for all seasons exercise
•Peabody Clinton Elementary School
•Child care center north of station and Child care center at
R. A. Young federal building
Services and Retail
•Dry cleaners, hardware, and numerous street level
restaurants and shops throughout area to the north,
some neighborhood retail starting to develop along
Chouteau Avenue to the south
•Shopping mall at Union Station in ¼ mi. border,
restaurants and gift shop in Sheraton; small, general
merchandise discount store (Globe);
Employment
•Fortune 500 company division headquarters (Nestle Purina,
animal foods) due south
•Service employers: several hotels (Majestic, Drury Inn & Omni,
Sheraton & Hyatt, Westin at Cupples Station), new convention
headquarters hotel (Renaissance) at ½ mi. border guarantees
35% of employees must be hired from Empowerment Zone
census tracts (poorest blocks to the north of downtown district,
that are within walkable/bus-ride distance)
•Regional utility company due south (AmerenUE);
•Shopping mall at Union Station
•Year-round sports & entertainment arena (Savvis Center)
•City and federal government buildings (VA & Robert A Young
Federal Bldg., large US Post Office, local fire sta. & police dept.)
Downtown
(Union Station, Civic Center, Busch Stadium, 8th & Pine, Convention
Center, Laclede’s Landing)
Civic Center Station
Downtown
(Union Station, Civic Center, Busch Stadium, 8th & Pine, Convention
Center, Laclede’s Landing)
Downtown Stations
Livability and Location Efficiency
Population, Housing, and Income Change 1990 - 2000
City of St. Louis
City Center MetroLink Stations
1990
2000
Percent
Change
1990
2000
Percent
Change
Population
4,712
4,479
-4.9
396,685
348,189
-12.2
Housing
Units
4,095
4,012
-2.0
194,919
176,354
-9.5
Median
Household
Income
23,803
22,487
-5.5
25,254
27,156
7.5
%
Unemployed
13.4
14.6
*1.2
11
11
-
* Change in percentage points 1990 - 2000
Location Efficiency, Value Recapture,
Financial Return
Transportation Mode to Work 1990 – 2000
City of St. Louis
City Center MetroLink Stations
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
Drive Alone
35.8
42.3
6.5
66.5
68.9
2.4
Carpool
7.3
6.2
-1.1
14.1
13.6
-0.5
Public
Transit
16.0
23.2
7.2
12.2
10.7
-1.5
Walk
38.2
23.9
-14.3
4.6
4.0
-0.6
Other
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.9
1.0
0.1
Work at
Home
2.2
3.8
1.6
1.7
1.7
0.0
Total # of
Workers
1,727
1,596
158,499
140,747
Location Efficiency, Livable Communities,
Efficient Land Use Patterns
Travel Time to Work 1990 – 2000
City of St. Louis
City Center MetroLink Stations
(Minutes)
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
< 10
22.7
17.9
-4.8
10.8
9.8
-1.0
10 – 14
18.9
23.3
4.4
14.6
15.1
0.5
15 – 19
15.9
18.2
2.3
20.4
18.8
-1.6
20 – 24
12.7
9.3
-3.4
18.8
18.3
-0.5
25 – 29
5.2
7.4
2.2
6.5
6.7
0.2
30 – 34
6.5
5.1
-1.4
15.8
15.0
-0.8
35 – 44
4.3
2.3
-2.0
4.3
4.4
0.1
45 – 59
6.1
8.7
2.6
4.8
5.7
0.9
60 – 89
6.6
3.6
-3.0
2.7
3.2
0.5
≥ 90
1.0
4.1
3.1
1.3
2.9
1.6
Total # of
Workers
1,689
1,536
155,785
138,292
Choice
Housing Type 1990 – 2000
City of St. Louis
City Center MetroLink Stations
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1 unit
detached
0.0
0.7
0.7
36.1
40.3
4.2
1 unit attached
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.4
3.3
-0.1
2 units
0.7
0.6
-0.1
19.7
18.5
-1.2
3 – 4 units
1.4
1.1
-0.3
18.0
16.5
-1.5
5 – 9 units
8.2
8.8
0.6
5.9
5.6
-0.3
10 – 19 units
7.6
2.0
-5.6
4.3
3.1
-1.2
≥ 20 units
80.8
87.0
6.2
11.7
12.4
0.7
Mobile home,
boat, RV van,
etc.
1.1
0.0
-1.1
1.1
0.1
-1.0
Total Housing
Units
4,095
4,012
194,919
176,354
Location Efficiency
Number of Vehicles 1990 – 2000
City of St. Louis
City Center MetroLink Stations
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
1990
2000
Change in
Percentage
Points
None
60.4
50.5
-9.9
29.1
25.2
-3.9
1
36.6
44.3
7.7
42.9
45.8
2.9
2
2.9
4.1
1.2
21.8
22.6
0.8
≥3
0.4
1.0
0.6
6.1
6.5
0.4
Total
Occupied
Housing
Units
2,954
2,824
164,931
147,076
Metro East – Emerson Park
and College Station
Ten Principles for Successful
Development Around Transit Urban Land Institute (ULI)
1.
Make It Better with a Vision
6.
Make Retail Development Market
Driven, Not Transit Driven
2.
Apply the Power of
Partnerships
7.
Mix Uses, but Not Necessarily in
the Same Place
3.
Think Development When
Thinking about Transit
8.
Make Buses a Great Idea
9.
Encourage Every Price Point to
Live around Transit
4.
Get the Parking Right
5.
Build a Place, Not a Project
10. Engage Corporate Attention
Emerson Park –
Housing Stock
• ¼ mi: new apartments northwest; new single and duplex
family housing east (Parson Place); small, single-family, older
housing stock appears to need repair or replacement; many
parcels vacant and contributing to isolation of some houses
• ½ mi: Housing Stock: small single-family, occupied housing to
north and across interstate to south, larger, brick mixedincome housing, possible historic district, south of station and
interstate, old housing stock needs repair or replacement;
apartments to the south and east
• Residential Parking: on-street, curb-side parking
Parks and Green Space
• Block-long open field to north (former residential area, houses
removed, possibly Phase II of new housing development)
• Large playground to the south - across interstate (15th street)
• Under-highway connection between neighborhoods has
sidewalk (needs widening, landscaping)
Community Assets
• Large old churches appear to be only community-oriented
buildings; building labeled “community center” appeared to be
abandoned
• Salvation Army Community Center to the south, across
interstate
• Miles Davis Elementary School (adjacent to I-40 ramp),
crossing guards escort children across
• Math & Science Academy
• Katherine Dunham museum
Services and Retail
• Liquor store
• Hair salon
• Space for shops at the
station, with dedicated parking
• Phase II housing development plans may
encourage additional retail and service (roof
counts – market driven development)
Employment
• Large paint manufacturer
• Possibly jobs related to IDOT storage area –
probably remote, by vehicle
College Station (SWIC) Housing Stock
• ¼ mi: No housing available
• ½ mi: : apartments, single-family,
detached housing
• Private property parking lots associated with
apartments
• Note: Determined that adjacent green field and
farm house located atop coal mine prevent further
development due to risk of subsidence – case for
public assistance to alleviate pre-development risk?
Parks and Green Space
• Minimal landscaping at station; planted
fields across two roads
• Vast farm fields
Community Assets
• YMCA across highway from campus
• Schmidt Art Gallery on campus
• Remote, under-developed station full of
security cameras, fire emergency,
telephones (near military base, Scott AFB)
Retail and Services
• College book store
• No shops within ½ mile walking distance
• Commercial strip some distance to the west
Employment
• College-related, educational and services
Transit Oriented Development:
A Case Study of MetroLink in the
St. Louis Region
Concluding Thoughts:
• St. Louis just beginning to include train transit as part of
economic development strategies
• St. Louis still in early stages of true transit-oriented
development, currently transit-adjacent at best
• Commuters still depend on cars - upcoming I-64/Hwy 40
construction schedule may drive commuters to try trains
• New potential: new train transit extensions and Fannie
Mae’s Smart Commute mortgages for buyers near transit
Transit Oriented Development:
A Case Study of MetroLink in the
St. Louis Region
Transit Oriented Development:
A Case Study of MetroLink in the
St. Louis Region
Dr. Barbara Grothe, Executive Director, RegionWise, St. Louis
Dr. Kristi Walker, Detroit, Michigan
Laura Zacher, Senior Project Manager,Economic Development Resources, STL