Transcript LETRA More than a decade of empirical

LETRA: a research trajectory
More than a decade of
empirical-experimental research
in translation…
1995 – the beginning…
PhD Dissertation at RuhrUniversität Bochum, Germany.
Research using think-aloud
protocols to tap into cognitive
processes of Brazilian and
Portuguese
novice
and
professional translators.
Empirically driven model of the
translation process with a
focus on problem-solving and
decision-making strategies in
the
language
pair
German/Portuguese.
1999 – first steps…
Creation of NET (Núcleo de Estudos da Tradução) at Federal
University of Minas Gerais, which will later become LETRA.
First attempts at UFMG to develop a joint approach to
translation both as a process and a product.
Use of a corpus linguistics-oriented approach for the analysis of
the translation product in conjunction with think-aloud protocols
for the analysis of translation process data.
2000 – the first book…
TEXTO DE
PARTIDA
UNIDADE DE
TRADUÇÃO - UT
BLOQUEIO
ESCOLHER UT
n
UT no BA
n
UT no BR
s
s
ACESSO
DIRETO
A MCP
UT na MLP
n
- INFERÊNCIAS
- CÓDIGO
- RELEVÂNCIA
s
- Estratégias Cognitivas
- Apoio Interno
- INFERÊNCIAS
- CÓDIGO
- RELEVÂNCIA
- Automatizações
- Correspondências 1:1
s
RECUPERAÇÃO
DE MEMÓRIA
s
(geralmente conscientes)
n
(geralmente
inconscientes)
n
SOLUÇÃO
s
TRADUZIR UT
n
- Estratégias
Cognitivas
- Apoio Interno
- INFERÊNCIA
- CÓDIGO
- RELEVÂNCIA
TRADUZIR UT
n
ELIMINAR UT
s
- RELEVÂNCIA
- BAGAGEM CULTURAL
- PRÉ-TEXTO
s
s
BURILAR UT
n
TEXTO DE CHEGADA PROVISÓRIO
n: NÃO
s: SIM
OUT RAS UTs
s
n
TEXTO DE
CHEGADA
MUDAR TC
s
APERFEIÇOAR
TC
MUDAR TC
n
n
Process-oriented approach to translator’s training with a focus on awareness
raising among novice translators. By increasing their levels of metacognitive
activity, we aim at a developing students’ discursive features and translation
strategies.
2001 – 8th ABRAPT Conference
8th National Translation Forum
2nd Brazilian International Translation Forum
ABRAPT
(Brazilian Association of Researchers in Translation)
TRANSLATING THE NEW MILLENNIUM:
CORPORA, COGNITION AND CULTURE
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 23-27 July 2001
NET (Núcleo de Estudos da Tradução) and POSLIN, the Graduate
Programme in Linguistics and Applied Linguistics organize the 8th
ABRAPT Conference at Federal University of Minas Gerais.
Panel on translation process research to give rise to the publication of
Triangulation Translation two years later…
2001/2003 – triangulation starts…
We started experimenting with the triangulating paradigm in translation
process research as early as 2000. First, we used the DOS version of Translog
in conjunction with think-aloud protocols in Rothe-Neves’s (2002) PhD
Dissertation. Next, we used Translog 2000 in conjunction with screen
recordings and think-aloud protocols in Gonçalves’s (2003) PhD dissertation.
I didn’t read the text first. Had a quick
look and started translating
I leave blank spaces, put question marks, when I’m in
doubt. I leave the German words where I have to get
back to.
Well, sometimes I had more than an option, then I left
it there and waited to see if I had a better idea...
2003 – triangulating translation…
Triangulation, as a methodological
paradigm for translation process research
(TPR) comes of age with the publication of
Triangulating Translation: perspectives in
process-oriented research, published in
the Benjamins Translation Library Series,
volume 41.
“The title of the volume, Triangulating
Translation, is to be understood in the light of
triangulation as a sailing metaphor. Assuming
that navigating through uncharted waters
requires the need of several location points to
establish one's position, the authors focus on
the need to apply several instruments of data
gathering and analysis in their attempts to
throw light on the nature of the translation
process.”
Alves 2003:ix
2004 – CORDIALL and CORPRAT…
Development of corpora for the study of
Translation as a process and as a product
Initial development of
CORDIALL, the Corpus on
Discourse for the Analysis
of Language and Literature,
and of CORPRAT, the
Corpus on Process for the
Analysis of Translations.
Further
attempts
to
strengthen
the
product/process interface
for
the
analysis
of
translations
and
for
applications in translator’s
training.
About CORPRAT
Corpus on Process for the Analysis of Translation
CORPRAT aims at providing further insights into the translation process, raising new
hypotheses and presenting more robust evidence to support or refute general claims
about the translation process.
Building on the notion of triangulation (Jakobsen 1999, Alves 2003), it stores five
complementary kinds of data: key-logging, screen-recording, eye-tracking, retrospective
protocols, and target texts, allowing inquires of translation process data from different
perspectives.
In addition to these data, CORPRAT also allows target text production to be examined as
finished end products or as interim versions portraying intermediate stages of target text
production such as the ones produced at the end of the drafting phase.
The language pairs stored in CORPRAT comprise Brazilian Portuguese and either English,
German or Spanish.
The subjects who take part in the experiments vary from novice to expert translators, and
also include subject-domain experts who are not translators.
About CORPRAT
Corpus on Process for the Analysis of Translation
The combined files in CORPRAT are used to account for particular traits and
features in translation processes, including
• research on the acquisition of translation competence (Alves & Gonçalves
2007),
• the role of inferential processes in translation (Alves & Gonçalves 2003, Alves
2007),
• the role of procedural and declarative knowledge in translation contexts
(Alves, 2005),
• descriptions of cognitive profiles of novice and expert translators (Alves 2005,
Magalhães & Alves 2006, Braga & Pagano 2007),
• the relevance of domain knowledge as observed in the performance of
subject-domain experts who are not translators (Pagano & Silva 2008, Oliveira
& Pagano 2009),
• the impact of time pressure (Liparini Campos & Alves 2005) and translation
technology (Alves & Liparini Campos 2008) on the translation process.
2005 – the second book…
Publication of Competência
em Tradução: cognição e
discurso [Competence in
translation: cognition and
discourse].
The
book,
structured in six chapters,
starts with a discussion about
translation competence by
Amparo Hurtado Albir, in an
invited chapter, and is
followed
by
chapters
authored
by
LETRA’s
researchers with a focus on
the
cognitive/discursive
interface that builds the
foundations of our research
group.
From “narrow-band” to “wide-band” translator
A connectionist model of translator’s competence
Alves and Gonçalves (2007)
novice, advanced beginner, competent,
proficient and expert - Dreyfus e Dreyfus
(1986; apud Chesterman 1997: 147)
2006 – Coming of age…
becomes
By 2006, we decided to change our name to LETRA, the
Laboratory for Experimentation in Translation at UFMG.
We had been working as a group following empiricalexperimental practices for a while and functioning as a laboratory.
It was only natural that our new name reflected our practices. The
new name reflects our vision, mission, practices and standards.
Where we are and what we do…
Mapping
Mapping
translation
translation
expertise
expertise
Tapping
Tapping
the
the
translation
translation
process
process
Modeling
Modeling
translation
translation
task
task
execution
execution
Investigating Translation Performers
Professional
translators
/interpreters
Natural
translators/
bilinguals
Translation
students
Foreign
language
learners
Academic/
disciplinary writers
journalists,
reporters, conflict
mediators, health
and humanitarian
agents
Expertise cline
Novice ------------------------------------------------------ Expert
Data yielded by experimental designs
PRE-TASK QUESTIONNAIRE
Subject profile
KEYLOGGING
Translation phases
Cognitive rhythm
Segmentation patterns
TEXT ANALYSIS
Rhetorical movements
TASK RECALLING
Metareflection
Internal support
EYE TRACKING
Focus of attention
External support
DIRECT OBSERVATION
External support
LETRA’s standard procedures
for data collection
• Before the translation tasks:
–
–
–
–
Preliminary explanation and informed consent
Open-ended questionnaire
Copy test
Brief
• During each translation task:
– Eye-tracking (Tobii T60):
• Monitor placed 60-70 cm ahead subjects’ eyes
• User camera on
– Translog User 2006:
• Source text area:
• Target text area:
Times New Roman 13, boldface, lining 1.5
Times New Roma 14, boldface, lining 1.0
• After each translation task:
– Retrospective protocols (free and guided)
• Recorded in conjunction with eye-tracking
LETRA’s methodology for
triangulating translation process data
Analysis of key-logged and gaze data in conjunction with retrospective
protocols and Litterare annotations of micro/macro translation units
Aí nessa primeira parte eu tive um pouco de
dificuldade com... essa frase é comprida, do
texto fonte, eu acabei dividindo em duas e
acabou que no final eu acabei em transformei
em uma só.
Projects of international collaboration
From 2003 to 2013, LETRA has developed a series of projects of
international
collaboration,
namely:
CAPES-MECD 046/03. 2003-2006. A cognitive-discursive approach to
translation competence (Um enfoque cognitivo-discursivo na formação
de tradutores). Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona/UFMG
PROBRAL 292/08. 2008-2010. Investigating (de)metaphorization in
translation: process and product. (Uma abordagem do texto traduzido
com vistas à modelagem computacional: o fenômeno da
(des)metaforização no processo tradutório de tradutores expertos).
Universituat
des
Saarlandes/UFMG.
DRC 2011-2013. Investigating the human-machine interaction in
translation (Investigando a interação homem-máquina em tradução).
Copenhagen Business School/ UFMG.
2009/2011 Introducing LITTERAE:
LETRA’s application for annotating translation units
Alves and Vale (2009, 2011) develop a web application to annotate
translation process data using the rationale of corpus linguistics. The
aim of LITTERAE is to enable the alignment of the translation product
found in target texts is all the interim renditions produced by
translators in the course of the translation process.
These intermediate steps, identified as time intervals in the course of
target text production, are called micro translation units while the
complete set of interim renditions, including pauses and consultations,
constitute a macro translation unit.
Micro and macro translation units are identified both temporally and
spatially by means of key-logging and eye-tracking recordings.
LITTERAE
Mapping alignment units onto translation units
ST/AU: Wir sind davon überzeugt, dass erfolgreiche
Unternehmensführung und soziale Verantwortung sich
nicht widersprechen.
TUs
AUs
TT/AU: We are convinced that successful management
and social responsibility are not contradictory.
LITTERAE
Mapping alignment units onto translation units
MICRO AND MACRO
TRANSLATION UNITS
Sequence
of
micro
translation units which
occur four times in the
drafting phase and three
other times in the revision
phase.
Together, these seven
micro translation units
make
up
a
macro
translation unit
LITTERAE: development of an application
for annotating translation units
In designing the annotation system, we have been guided by the following assumptions
that offer challenges, opportunities and restrictions:
1) The system is a web program. It must have a central database for LETRA and allow
group work both within premises and by remote access.
2) The system does not impose any specific set of theoretical categories and allows the
multiple use of different theoretical approaches in the annotation process.
3) The system does not impose any language-specific or theory-specific grammatical
structure for its mark-up units. It provides a two-rank structure that can mark up
discontinuous units at any rank of grammatical and process hierarchy as well as
marking up overlapping units.
4) The system keeps raw corpora and annotations separate and allows multiple
annotations of the same corpus entry. Annotations are stored separately while
keeping a single copy of the raw corpora.
5) The system is designed for both individual and group work.
LITTERAE
Modelling the translation unit in time
LITTERAE
Modelling the translation unit in time
LITTERAE
Modelling the translation unit in time
LITTERAE
Modelling the translation unit in time
LITTERAE
Modelling the translation unit in time
LITTERAE
Modelling the translation unit in time
LITTERAE
Modelling the translation unit in time
LITTERAE
Modelling the translation unit in time
A taxonomy for translation units…
• Taxonomy for macro translation units:
P0, P1, P2, P3
• Levels of linguistic complexity:
[t], [c], [l], [m], [p]
• Distance indicators between an initial micro TU and their counterparts:
(*), (**), (***), (****)
Some of LETRA’s publications…
LETRA’s selected publications
ALVES, F; GONÇALVES, J.L. 2013. Investigating the conceptual/procedural distinction in translation: a
relevance-theoretic analysis of micro and macro translation units. Target 25:1, p.107-124.
ALVES, F., VALE, D. C. 2011. On drafting and revision in translation: a corpus linguistics oriented analysis
of translation process data. Translation: Computation, Corpora, Cognition 1, p.105-122.
ALVES, F., VALE, D. C. 2009. Probing the unit of translation in time: Aspects of the design and
development of a web application for storing, annotating, and querying translation process data. Across
Languages
and
Cultures
10,
p.251-273.
ALVES, F., PAGANO, A. S., SILVA, I. A. S. 2011. Modeling (un)packing of meaning in translation: insights
from effortful text production In: Proceedings of the 8th International NLPCS Workshop (Natural
Language Processing and Cognitive Sciences) 41. Special theme: human-machine interaction in
translation
Copenhagen:
Samfundslitterattur.
p.153-162.
ALVES, F., PAGANO, A. S., SILVA, I. A. S. 2011. Towards an investigation of reading modalities in/for
translation: an exploratory study using eyetracking data In S. O’Briene (ed). Cognitive Explorations of
Translation.
.London:
Continuum,
p.175-196.
ALVES, F., HURTADO ALBIR, A. 2010. Cognitive approaches to translation In Y. Gambier and L. van
Doerslaer (eds) The Benjamins Handbook of Translation Studies. Amsterdam : John Benjamins, p. 28-35.
ALVES, F., PAGANO, A. S., NEUMANN, S., STEINER, E., HANSEN-SCHIRRA, S. 2010. Translation units and
grammatical shifts: Towards an integration of product- and process-based translation research In: G.
Shreve and A. Angelone (eds) Translation and Cognition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, p.109-142.
LETRA’s selected publications
ALVES, F., PAGANO, A. S., SILVA, I. A. S. 2009. A new window on translators’ cognitive activity: methodological issues in the
combined use of eye tracking, key logging and retrospective protocols In: Methodology, Technology and Innovation in
Translation Process Research. Copenhagen Studies in Language 38. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur, p.267-292.
HURTADO ALBIR, A., ALVES, F. 2009. Translation as a cognitive activity In: J. Munday (ed) The Routledge Companion to
Translation
Studies.
London:
Routledge,
p.210-234.
ALVES, F. 2007. Cognitive effort and contextual effect in translation: a relevance-theoretic approach. Journal of Translation
Studies.10,
p.18-35,
ALVES, F., MAGALHÃES, C., PAGANO, A. 2005. Competência em Tradução: Cognição e Discurso. Belo Horizonte: Editora
UFMG.
ALVES, F. 2005. Bridging the gap between declarative and procedural knowledge in the training of translators: metareflection
under
scrutiny.
Meta
50:4,
p.1-25.
ALVES, F. (ed). 2004. O processo de tradução: delimitação de um objeto de estudo. Cadernos de Tradução 10, p.9-22.
ALVES, F., MAGALHÃES, C. 2004. M. Using small corpora to tap and map the process-product interface in translation.
Tradterm.
10,
p.179211.
ALVES, F. (ed) Triangulating Translation: perspectives in process-oriented research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
ALVES, F., MAGALHÃES, C., PAGANO, A. 2000. Traduzir com Autonomia: Estratégias para o Tradutor em Formação. São
Paulo
:
Contexto.
ALVES, F. 1995. Zwischen Schweigen und Sprechen: Wie bildet sich eine transkulturelle Brücke?. 1995. Hamburgo : Dr.
Kovac.
LETRA’s concluded PhD Dissertations
Ferreira, Aline. 2013. Direcionalidade em tradução: o papel da
subcompetência bilíngue em tarefas de tradução L1 e L2.
Carvalho Neto, Geraldo. 2010. Metarrepresentação em tradução: uma
análise relevantista dos processos inferenciais de tradutores expertos na
tradução
de
textos
sensíveis
(sagrados).
Liparini Campos, Tania. 2010. O efeito do uso de um sistema de memória
de tradução e da pressão de tempo no processo cognitivo de tradutores
profissionais.
Ferreira Jr, Fernando. 2008. Em construção! Uma investigação acerca da
natureza dos processos cognitivos envolvidos na aprendizagem de uma
segunda
língua.
LETRA’s concluded PhD Dissertations
Rodrigues, Daisy. 2006 Complexidade cognitiva na tradução sinóptica:
uma abordagem experimental para análise da leitura/produção de
textos.
Vianna, Humberto. 2006. Nós primatas em linguagem: relações
linguísticas
como
um
processo
biológico.
Chiaretto, Ana Cláudia. 2006. O processamento de inferências na leitura
de textos publicitários: a experiência moldando o conhecimento.
Gonçalves, José Luiz. 2003. O desenvolvimento da competência do
tradutor: investigando o processo através de um estudo exploratórioexperimental..
Rothe-Neves, Rui. 2002 Características cognitivas e desempenho em
tradução: investigação em tempo real.
LETRA’s on-going PhD Dissertations
Rodrigues, Carlos. A Interpretação para a Língua de Sinais Brasileira: efeitos de
modalidade
e
processos
inferenciais
.
Koglin, Arlene. Esforço cognitivo no processamento de metáforas em tarefas
de pós-edição e de tradução humana: uma investigação processual pelo viés
da
teoria
da
relevância
.
Sekino, Kyoko. Processos de pós-edição e de tradução manual: uma análise
cognitivo-pragmática da relação esforço/efeito no par linguístico
japonês/português.
Fonseca, Norma. Investigando esforço cognitivo em processos de pós-edição
monolîngues.
Aquino, Marceli. Processos de pós-edição envolvendo partículas modais
alemãs: investigando esforço de processamento pelo viés da teoria da
relevância.
Szpak, Karina. Efeito e esforço em tradução: uma análise mediada pela teoria
da relevância.
Our Timeline…
More than decade of empirical-experimental research…
LETRA: a research trajectory
More than a decade of
empirical-experimental research
in translation…