Transcript Chapter 1: Overview

Chapter 1
Overview
The Foundation for Your
Future
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Overview
• Users and professionals
• Computer literate and computer
competent
• Information systems
• Hardware
• Software
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Overview (continued)
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Computer systems
Computer development
Connectivity
Interactivity
Digital convergence
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Users
• Be ready for the job
market
• Use computers for
work and personal
tasks
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Differentiation
• Computer Professionals
– expertise and/or a minimum of a two-year
technical degree
– industry uses many names
• programmer, engineer, systems analyst
• network and database administrators
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Computer Literate vs. Competent
• Computer literacy
– understanding what a computer is and what
it can do
• Computer competency
– using skills to meet information needs and
improve productivity
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Competency
• Skill mastery covered:
– terms
– functions
– uses
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Computer Information Systems
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Hardware
Software
Data and information
People
Procedures
Communications
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Information and Knowledge
• Information
– data organized into useful information
• Knowledge
– application of reasoned analysis of information
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People
• Most important component of computer
system
• Follow procedures
– using documentation, reference guides, and
user guides
– guides are primarily available as electronic help
files and Internet help desks
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Digital and Analog Systems
• Digital based on electronic circuitry
– 1s and 0s, or on and off
– each 1 or 0 is called a bit; or binary digit
– Computers use digital data representation
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Analog Systems
• Analog
– continuously variable values, along a range, such
as temperature and pressure values
– traditional analog recording devices are humidity
recorders, mercury thermometers, and pressure
gauges
– standard telephone lines transmit analog signals
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Connectivity
• Analog modems
– most home systems
• Digital modems
– cable and digital subscriber service technology
use digital modems for much faster
communications, but this technology is not
universally available
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Computer Hardware
• 5 categories
– input
– processing and
memory
– output
– storage
– communications
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Input
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Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Microphone
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Processing and Memory
• Motherboard
• CPU
• Memory
– many types of RAM
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Output Hardware
• Hardcopy output
– graphics
– letters
• Softcopy output
– monitor
– audio
• music from MP3 for example
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Secondary Storage Hardware
• Permanent or nonvolatile
– magnetic disks: disk cartridges,
hard drives, floppy disks
– optical storage (optical disks)
– tape
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Communications Hardware
• Facilitate networks
– modems
– hubs and other components of a network
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Computer Software
• System software
– communication with
hardware
– resource management
– facilitates communication
among application programs
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Computer Software
• Applications software
– benefits or assists the user
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Types of Computers
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Supercomputers
Mainframe computers
Workstations
Microcomputers
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Types of Computers (continued)
• Microcontrollers
– embedded or dedicated
computers: from calculators to
automobiles
• Server
– network
– Web
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Computer Generations
• First (1944 to1958)
– ENIAC and UNIVAC
• Second (1959 to1963)
– IBM 1401 with 1402 card read/punch
• Third generation (1964 to 1970)
– DEC PDP-8
– Data General NOVA
– IBM 360
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Computer Generations
(continued)
• Fourth generation (1971 to now)
– dominated by the LSI (large-scale integrated
circuits) and the VLSI (very-large-scale
integrated circuits)
– word processing, spreadsheets, database, and
graphic programs became readily available
– Cray-1 supercomputer
– DEC VAX 11/780
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Information Explosion
• Increased processing power
• More information more quickly
• More paper in the computer era than
before it!
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Data Overload?
• Information does not produce knowledge
– knowledge implies synthesis of that
information
– therefore, knowledge must be useful: complete,
accurate, relevant, and timely (CART)
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Connectivity
• Connecting devices for communication
• voice, data, multimedia
– foundation for information age
• E-mail
– send and receive messages over a local area
network or a large network, including the
Internet
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Connectivity (continued)
• Databases
– for research and job prospects
• Telecommuting
– Working at home or on the road
– Communicating with the office through phone,
fax, and/or computer
• On-line shopping and E-commerce
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Databases
• Electronically stored data
• Reference and other libraries of
information databases are extensive
through connectivity, both specialized and
generalized on the Internet
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Online Services
• America Online (AOL)
• Microsoft Network (MSN)
• CompuServe interactive services
(CompuServe)
• Prodigy Internet (Prodigy)
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Portals and the World Wide Web
• Online service providers
– Often customize setup disks or CDs to show
their home page as the first page
– Hence, the term portal, the entry way to the
Internet
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Browsers
• Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape
Navigator
– two dominant Web browsers
– also serve as portals through their home page
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Interactivity
• Ability to respond immediately
and modify processes
• Includes multimedia
– text, graphics, animation, video,
music, voice
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Interactive Devices
• Multimedia computers
• Internet appliances
– TV set-top control boxes,
also called smart boxes
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Digital Convergence
• Merger of devices,
media, and services
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computers
communications
consumer electronics
entertainment
mass media
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Technological Convergence
• Communications
– same information gained in potentially multiple
ways
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satellite
films
recordings
radio
telephones
television
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