Transcript Step Up To: Psychology - Steve Christiansen Website

Step Up To:
Psychology
John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
&
Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD
From: Hockenbury &
Hockenbury
Discovering Psychology 5e
Worth Publishers (2010)
Chapter 1:
Introduction and Research Methods
The Scientific Method
Contemporary
Psychology
Introduction:
The Origins of
Psychology
Descriptive
Research
Methods
Experimental
Research
Methods and
Research Ethics
Introduction: The
Origins of Psychology
500
400
300
200
100
Contemporary
Psychology
500
400
300
200
100
The Scientific
Method
500
400
300
200
100
Descriptive Research
Methods
500
400
300
200
100
Experimental
Research Methods
and Research Ethics
500
400
300
200
100
1. The first American woman to earn an
official Ph.D. in psychology was:
•
•
•
•
A) Bessy Truman
B) Margaret Floy Washburn
C) Willa James
D) Mary Whiton Calkins
2. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner are to
________ as Carl Rogers and Abraham
Maslow are to ________.
• A) behaviorism; humanistic
psychology
• B) psychoanalysis; functionalism
• C) structuralism; behaviorism
• D) humanistic psychology;
psychoanalysis
3. The formal beginning of psychology as an
experimental discipline took place in a
laboratory in __________ in 1879.
•
•
•
•
A) France
B) Italy
C) The United States
D) Germany
4. The science of psychology emerged
from the influences of which two
disciplines?
•
•
•
•
A) Biology and Astronomy
B) Philosophy and Physiology
C) Physics and Sociology
D) Neurology and Pediatrics
5. While Sigmund Freud emphasized the influence of
__________ experiences on individuals’
behaviors, Carl Rogers emphasized the importance
of __________ experiences.
•
•
•
•
A) internal; external
B) positive; negative
C) unconscious; conscious
D) unrealistic; realistic
6. The __________ perspective draws from
and expands the original ideas of Sigmund
Freud.
•
•
•
•
A) biological
B) positive psychology
C) humanistic
D) psychodynamic
7. Dr. Asch wants to know what causes
people to conform to the behaviors of their
friends. He is most likely a __________
psychologist.
•
•
•
•
A) social
B) developmental
C) humanistic
D) evolutionary
8. Memory— language developmental
problem-solving— and memory are all topics
that are of interest to a ______________
psychologist.
•
•
•
•
A) biological
B) humanistic
C) cognitive
D) evolutionary
9. Which of the following is the most
popular specialty area of psychology
among professionals?
•
•
•
•
A) Counseling psychology
B) Clinical psychology
C) Experimental psychology
D) Developmental psychology
10. Cross-cultural psychologists have found
that people tend to use their own culture as
the “standard” against which other cultures
are judged. This tendency is called:
•
•
•
•
A) ethnocentrism
B) prejudice
C) collectivism
D) anthropomorphism
11. A(n) __________ is a tentative
statement that describes the relationship
between two or more variables.
•
•
•
•
A) operational definition
B) hypothesis
C) statistic
D) theory
12. Which of the following is one effective
way of reporting the results of a research
study to the scientific community?
• A) informing local newspapers of results
• B) presenting results at a professional
conference
• C) posting results on a social
networking internet site
• D) telling co-workers about the results
13. Statistics are used for all but which
of the following purposes?
• A) to analyze data that have been
collected
• B) to summarize data that have been
collected
• C) to draw conclusions about data that
have been collected
• D) to form hypotheses about data that
have been collected
14. When a research study has been
found statistically significant, which of
the following statements is true?
• A) It may or may not be practically
significant
• B) It must be practically significant
• C) It cannot be practically significant
• D) It is practically significant 50% of
the time
15. Which of the following is not a
characteristic of a critical thinker?
• A) being flexible, yet maintaining skepticism
• B) the ability to scrutinize evidence before
drawing conclusions
• C) awareness of one’s own biases and
assumptions
• D) the ability to make any data support
one’s own hypotheses
16. If you wanted to study the flirting
behavior of college students at a
dance, you would be most likely to
use:
•
•
•
•
A) a pseudoscience
B) a survey
C) naturalistic observation
D) a case study
17. Which of the following correlational
coefficients indicates the strongest
relationship between two variables?
•
•
•
•
A) -.87
B) +.02
C) -.38
D) +.64
18. Jonathan believes that women are bad drivers.
Whenever he passes a woman receiving a traffic
citation, he says “You see? What did I tell you?”
Jonathan never pays any attention to the many women
who do not receive traffic citations. This is an example
of:
•
•
•
•
A) the confirmation bias
B) shifting the burden of proof
C) a nonfalsifiable claim
D) a testimonial rather than
scientific evidence
19. While standing in an apartment building waiting
for an elevator to arrive, Jazmine is remembering her
lesson in correlational studies. Which of the
following thoughts would indicate that Jazmine
understood the lesson thoroughly?
• A) When both elevators go up, it is like a
negative correlation
• B) When both elevators go down, it is like a
negative correlation
• C) When one elevator stops and the other
moves, it is like a negative correlation
• D) When the elevators move in opposite
directions, it is like a negative correlation
20. Which method is used to ensure that every
member of a larger group has an equal chance of
being included in a sample?
•
•
•
•
A) naturalistic observation
B) random selection
C) representative sampling
D) multiple outs
21. Professor Stuart is studying the
relationship between room temperature and
examination score. Which of the following is
most likely the dependent variable in this
study?
•
•
•
•
A) room temperature
B) examination score
C) the students being observed
D) the teaching method used by
Professor Stuart
22. Which of the following statements
regarding the ethics of conducting
research is false?
• A) The American Psychological Association
does not condone the use of animals as
research subjects
• B) Research participants may withdraw their
participation at any time
• C) Researchers are permitted to deceive
their participants if the deception is justified
• D) Research participants must be debriefed
after their participation in the research is
concluded
23. When an experiment employs a(n) __________
technique, it means that both the participants and
researchers are unaware of which participants are
assigned to the various treatment conditions.
•
•
•
•
A) placebo
B) extraneous restriction
C) double-blind
D) R/P isolation
24. Dr. Lowe has informed his students that they may
earn extra credit points in his class for agreeing to
be research participants. What must the professor
do in order to make this an “ethical” offer?
• A) He must make sure that there are an equal
number of males and female students who
participate in the study
• B) He must give each student credit in the
reporting of his findings
• C) He must also pay each student for their
participation
• D) He must offer an alternate opportunity to
earn the extra credit points that is not related
to his research
25. Also called a confounding variable—
a(n) __________ variable might produce
inaccurate results by affecting the outcome
of an experiment.
•
•
•
•
A) extraneous
B) placebo
C) control
D) demand
Stop here, or continue as a review.
1. The first American woman to earn an
official Ph.D. in psychology was:
•
•
•
•
A) Bessy Truman.
B) Margaret Floy Washburn.
C) Willa James.
D) Mary Whiton Calkins.
2. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner are to
________ as Carl Rogers and Abraham
Maslow are to ________.
• A) behaviorism; humanistic
psychology
• B) psychoanalysis; functionalism
• C) structuralism; behaviorism
• D) humanistic psychology;
psychoanalysis
3. The formal beginning of psychology as an
experimental discipline took place in a
laboratory in __________ in 1879.
•
•
•
•
A) France
B) Italy
C) The United States
D) Germany
4. The science of psychology emerged
from the influences of which two
disciplines?
•
•
•
•
A) Biology and Astronomy
B) Philosophy and Physiology
C) Physics and Sociology
D) Neurology and Pediatrics
5. While Sigmund Freud emphasized the influence of
__________ experiences on individuals’
behaviors, Carl Rogers emphasized the
importance of __________ experiences.
•
•
•
•
A) internal; external
B) positive; negative
C) unconscious; conscious
D) unrealistic; realistic
6. The __________ perspective draws from
and expands the original ideas of Sigmund
Freud.
•
•
•
•
A) biological
B) positive psychology
C) humanistic
D) psychodynamic
7. Dr. Asch wants to know what causes
people to conform to the behaviors of their
friends. He is most likely a __________
psychologist.
•
•
•
•
A) social
B) developmental
C) humanistic
D) evolutionary
8. Memory, language developmental,
problem-solving, and memory are all topics
that are of interest to a ______________
psychologist.
•
•
•
•
A) biological
B) humanistic
C) cognitive
D) evolutionary
9. Which of the following is the most
popular specialty area of psychology
among professionals?
•
•
•
•
A) Counseling psychology
B) Clinical psychology
C) Experimental psychology
D) Developmental psychology
10. Cross-cultural psychologists have found
that people tend to use their own culture as
the “standard” against which other cultures
are judged. This tendency is called:
•
•
•
•
A) ethnocentrism
B) prejudice
C) collectivism
D) anthropomorphism
11. A(n) __________ is a tentative
statement that describes the relationship
between two or more variables.
•
•
•
•
A) operational definition
B) hypothesis
C) statistic
D) theory
12. Which of the following is one effective
way of reporting the results of a research
study to the scientific community?
• A) informing local newspapers of results
• B) presenting results at a professional
conference
• C) posting results on a social
networking internet site
• D) telling co-workers about the results
13. Statistics are used for all but which
of the following purposes?
• A) to analyze data that have been
collected
• B) to summarize data that have been
collected
• C) to draw conclusions about data that
have been collected
• D) to form hypotheses about data that
have been collected
14. When a research study has been
found statistically significant, which of
the following statements is true?
• A) It may or may not be practically
significant
• B) It must be practically significant
• C) It cannot be practically significant
• D) It is practically significant 50% of
the time
15. Which of the following is not a
characteristic of a critical thinker?
• A) the ability to assume other perspectives
• B) the ability to scrutinize evidence before
drawing conclusions
• C) awareness of one’s own biases and
assumptions
• D) the ability to make any data support
one’s own hypotheses
16. If you wanted to study the flirting
behavior of college students at a
dance, you would be most likely to
use:
•
•
•
•
A) a pseudoscience
B) a survey
C) naturalistic observation
D) a case study
17. Which of the following correlational
coefficients indicates the strongest
relationship between two variables?
•
•
•
•
A) -.87
B) +.02
C) -.38
D) +.64
18. Jonathan believes that women are bad drivers.
Whenever he passes a woman receiving a traffic
citation, he says “You see? What did I tell you?”
Jonathan never pays any attention to the many women
who do not receive traffic citations. This is an example
of:
•
•
•
•
A) the confirmation bias
B) shifting the burden of proof
C) a nonfalsifiable claim
D) a testimonial rather than
scientific evidence.
19. While standing in an apartment building waiting
for an elevator to arrive, Jazmine is remembering her
lesson in correlational studies. Which of the
following thoughts would indicate that Jazmine
understood the lesson thoroughly?
• A) When both elevators go up, it is like a negative
correlation
• B) When both elevators go down, it is like a
negative correlation
• C) When one elevator stops and the other moves,
it is like a negative correlation
• D) When the elevators move in opposite
directions, it is like a negative correlation
20. Which method is used to ensure that every
member of a larger group has an equal chance of
being included in a sample?
•
•
•
•
A) naturalistic observation
B) random selection
C) representative sampling
D) multiple outs
21. Professor Stuart is studying the
relationship between room temperature and
examination score. Which of the following is
most likely the dependent variable in this
study?
•
•
•
•
A) room temperature
B) examination score
C) the students being observed
D) the teaching method used by
Professor Stuart
22. Which of the following statements
regarding the ethics of conducting
research is false?
• A) The American Psychological Association
does not condone the use of animals as
research subjects
• B) Research participants may withdraw their
participation at any time
• C) Researchers are permitted to deceive
their participants if the deception is justified
• D) Research participants must be debriefed
after their participation in the research is
concluded
23. When an experiment employs a(n) __________
technique, it means that both the participants and
researchers are unaware of which participants are
assigned to the various treatment conditions.
•
•
•
•
A) placebo
B) extraneous restriction
C) double-blind
D) R/P isolation
24. Dr. Lowe has informed his students that they may
earn extra credit points in his class for agreeing to
be research participants. What must the professor
do in order to make this an “ethical” offer?
• A) He must make sure that there are an equal
number of males and female students who
participate in the study
• B) He must give each student credit in the reporting
of his findings
• C) He must also pay each student for their
participation
• D) He must offer an alternate opportunity to earn
the extra credit points that is not related to his
research
25. Also called a confounding variable, a(n)
__________ variable might produce
inaccurate results by affecting the outcome
of an experiment.
•
•
•
•
A) extraneous
B) placebo
C) control
D) demand
Acknowledgments
• Step Up Created by:
John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Questions written by:
Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD
• Based on Discovering
Psychology 5e by
Hockenbury & Hockenbury
• Published by Worth
Publishers, 2010
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
B
A
D
B
C
D
A
C
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
B
A
B
B
D
A
D
C
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
A
A
D
B
B
A
C
D
25. A