Transcript Introduction to Psychology - Accelerated Learning Center, Inc.

Introduction to Psychology
Unit 1
Where Does Behavior Come From?
 Which came first, the antecedent, behavior, or
consequence?
 Free Will vs Determinism
 Mind-Body Connection
 Dualism vs Monism
 Nature-Nurture Controversy
Key Figures in Psychology
◦ William Wundt
◦ Set up 1st Psychology Laboratory
◦ Founder of American Psychology
◦ Experiment to measure time lag
◦ Edward Titchener
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A Student of Wundt
Psychology prof at Cornell
Focused on structuralism: presented stimuli,
Titchener /functions of stimuli
◦ William James
◦ Harvard University- Wundt and Titchener consideration of
elements or ideas to James focusing on functions of the mind
◦ Behavior in adapting to the environment and looking at what
is going on in the person’s interaction with the outside world
◦ Functionalism: sociological perspective focusing on the ways a
complex pattern of social structures & arrangements
contribute to social order
Approaches to Psychology
 Biological
 Biological Approach
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Genetic Factors
Hormones on behavior
Affects drugs and genetics
Drugs affect behavior alter communication between neurons
and synapses or junctions
Biological roots
Abnormal behavior
Brain damage, infectious diseases, brain tumors, poor nutrition,
Inadequate sleep, overuse of particular drugs, over counter
meds, that affect
Behaviorism-emphasized the belief that behavior is
determined primarily by factors in the environment rather
than the unconscious.
Approaches to Psychology
Behavioral Approach
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Individual based on past actions
Emphasizing actions, observable, measurable behavior
Vs. inferred mental processes
Behavior explained past learning/ current motivations
Early Behaviorists in 1900’s
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Structuralism individual descriptions of their own
experience, way of studying thoughts and ideas
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Determinist Position
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Behavior understood through scientific methods
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Understanding laws of behavior
Testing understanding predicting and controlling
behavior
Key Figures in Behavioral
Psychology
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Jacques Loeb- Forerunner in Psych
Stimulus-Response Psych- behavior triggered by
stimulus and response
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Bf Skinner- Most Influential Behaviorist
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What the individual did vs. guessing what individual was
trying to do
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John Watson- Founder of Behaviorism
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Environment molds behavior
Specific environment
Infant can be trained specialized profession
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Cognitive
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Cognitive Approach –
Thinking processes –
acquiring knowledge
What people know
How they came to know it
How knowledge is used for solutions to new problems
What distinguishes individuals who are experts from
people who are not experts
Humanistic Approach
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Humanistic Psychology
◦ Psychologist believes that people are innately good and
possess the ability to make their own choices
◦ Emerged in 1950 -60-protest against
behaviorism/psychoanalysts
◦ People as morally neutral
◦ Humanistic psychologists consider individuals to be
good and striving for perfection
◦ Peak Experiences-truly fulfilled and content
◦ Carl Rogers: Influential Humanist humans as basically
good
◦ Individuals tendency toward self-actualization striving to
achieve ones full potential
◦ Rogers: Unconditional Positive Regard- Completely
accepting another person as he or she is without
reservation or qualification
Historical Background
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Humanistic Psychology
◦ Abraham Maslow:
◦ Individuals have a hierarchy of needs
◦ Individuals first seek to fill basic needs (Food, air, water)
Followed by safety and security needs
The Humanistic Approach
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The humanistic approach focuses on
the subjective meaning of life and man
without pathology.
◦ Focuses on positive growth of the individual
into their best possible state of being.
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Carl Rogers: Unconditional Positive
Regard (love for the person, regardless
of their actions) should be held for those
around you.
The Hierarchy of Needs
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Abraham Maslow stated that man is
driven by his desire to fulfill basic needs.
◦ Hierarchy of Needs was structured as a
pyramid, with the most basic needs
toward the bottom and moving up.
◦ We must meet the needs of lower levels
before we can move toward the top.
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The ultimate goal: Self Actualization
◦ The experiencing of a transcendent,
complete self.
Hierarchy of Needs
Functionalist Perspective
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Society is seen as:
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Stable
Integrated System
Members agree on basic values
Change is disruptive unless slow
Historical Background
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Humanistic Psychology
◦ Abraham Maslow:
◦ Individuals have a hierarchy of needs
◦ Individuals first seek to fill basic needs (Food, air, water)
Followed by safety and security needs
◦ Psychodynamic Approach
◦ Uncovering underlying drives and motivations
◦ Explains conflicting internal forces within the individuals
that he or she may not be aware of
◦ Sigmund Freud: emphasized sexual motivation to
explain behavior
◦ Carl Jung: Individual behavior guided by the influences
◦ Individual Ancestors certain thoughts or images
◦ Alfred Adler: ambitions, Individuals reach potential
What is the Scientific Method?
Scientific Method: A specific set of
procedures used by scientists trying to
prove an idea.
 Hypothesis: The specific question being
asked by research, or a prediction of the
outcome of a study.
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What is the Scientific Method?
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Focus of Study:
◦ End consequence, not purpose of
change
Research Methods
Developing Hypothesis
Test Hypothesis
Measuring The outcome or results
Developing conclusions
1)
2)
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Populations
Representive Sample
Random Sample
Experimenter Bias
Placebo
Single Blind Study: Observer or participants unaware
which participants received which treatment
◦ Double Blind Study: Participants and observers unaware
of who received what treatments
Research Methods
◦ Naturalistic Observation
◦ Case History
◦ Surveys
Correlation Studies
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Correlational Studies are designed to
examine an existing relationship between
two variables.
◦ Researchers DO NOT manipulate any
variables!
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CORRELATION DOES NOT
EQUAL CAUSATION!!!!!
◦ We are only evaluating a relationship that
ALREADY exists!
Correlational Design
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Positive
Correlation
: The
variables
move
together
along the
graph.
◦ If one
increases, the
other
increases.
Correlational Design
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Negative
Correlation
: The
variables
move
opposite to
each other
along the
graph.
◦ If one
increases, the
other
decreases.
Correlational Design
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Correlation is designated as an r score.
◦ Correlations range from -1 to +1.
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The closer to 1 the score is, the
stronger the correlation.
◦ R = 0.98 is strong!
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The closer to 0 the score is, the weaker
the correlation.
◦ R = 0.01 is weak!
Correlational Design
Experimental Design
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Groups: At least one experimental and one
control.
◦ Experimental Group: This group receives whatever
treatment is being studied.
◦ Control Group: This group goes through every step
of the research study that the experimental group
goes through, but does not receive the treatment.
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When we evaluate data, we compare the results
of the experimental and control groups.
◦ If there is a change in the experimental group but not
control, then the results are not due to chance.
◦ If there is a change in both groups, it probably isn’t
due to your treatment.
Experimental Design
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Variables: Factors that will be measured when
conducting an experiment.
◦ Examples: Weight, gender, height, eye color, etc.
Independent Variable: The variable that is actively
affected by the “treatment” in the study.
 Dependent Variable: The variable being measured
to determine if the independent variable had an effect
on the subject.
 Example: Pain control using Morphine.
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◦ Independent Variable: Amount of morphine given.
◦ Dependent Variable: The amount of pain the
patient reports after receiving pain management.
Ethics
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Institutional Review Board (IRB): A
special panel at all major universities that
determine if research is allowed to occur.
◦ Decision is based on cost-benefit analysis: Is
what we can learn from the research worth
the potential risk of harm to the participants?
Ethics
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Privacy:
◦ All data that could be potential incriminating must
be kept separate from the names and demographic
information of a participant so that they could not
be identified if the data were published.
◦ All results must be kept confidential and only
discussed with other researchers, NEVER using
identifiable information.
◦ Example: Tornado of 1999, professors at APSU seen
chasing papers across the quad to collect
potentially incriminating surveys regarding drug use.
Ethics
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Informed Consent: All research participants
must sign a document stating that they
understand all potential risks for participating in
the study.
◦ Example: Mrs. Mayo’s Training Studying
 Our goal: Determine if someone can learn to fold an
Origami penguin better if they watch someone in
person, watch a video, or read paper instructions.
 Austin Peay’s IRB decided we must inform them…
 You could receive a paper cut, so we will have non-latex
bandages and a variety of antibiotic creams available.
 You could become frustrated if you can’t fold the penguin
right, so we will provide assistance in finishing and access to a
licensed counselor to talk to.
Ethics
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Deception: The process of not telling
the participant something regarding the
study to prevent them either intentionally
or unintentionally altering the results.
◦ Deception is only used if the researcher can
prove that a participant knowing the goal
could potentially damage the results.
◦ The participant must undergo debriefing
immediately afterword to inform them of the
deception.
Ethics
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Examples of Deception used when testing
a new medication:
◦ Blind Studies: The patient doesn’t know if
they’re receiving a placebo or the new
medication.
◦ Double-Blind Studies: Neither the patient
nor the doctor know whether the new
medication or a placebo are being used.
◦ Triple-Blind Studies: The patient, the
doctor, and the researcher bringing the meds
to the doctor all are in the dark as to
whether it is the new med or placebo.