Transcript ALAT Chapter 25

Chapter Twenty-Five
Swine
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Swine
 Sus scrofa
 Used for cardiovascular studies, exercise
physiology, nutrition, surgery, atherosclerosis,
diabetes, & transplantation
 2 types used in research: domestic & mini
 Yorkshire & Duroc breeds commonly used
domestic swine
 Miniature swine - Sinclair, Hanford, Pitman-Moore
& Yucatan strains for chronic studies & studies
that relate to adult metabolism or physiology
(Image) Swine
Handling & Restraint
 V-trough & snare
 V-trough requires more than 2 attendants to
perform a manipulation by turning animal upside
down in a V-shaped trough.
 Snare = a rope or metal noose around snout
inducing pig to back up into a corner.
If utilized improperly, it can cause bleeding of gums &
damage to teeth.
 Developed for quick restraint & used 1 or 2x on
same animal.
 Causes struggling and vocalization.
 V-trough & snare not for frequently handled swine.
(Images) Swine Restraint
Handling & Restraint II
 Panepinto sling holds animal in a fleece-lined
hammock.
comfortable restraint & immobilizes for handling by 1
 Venipuncture, oral dosing, eye examinations,
hoof trimming & veterinary care can all be
accomplished without use of tranquilizers.
 Terris confinement stand - expanded metal
panels that form a small pen-like enclosure w/out
total immobilization
door attached to each end for entry & exit following
socialization & training
Physiological Data
 Body temperature: 38.3°-39.9°C (101°-103.8°F)
 Heart rate: 60-80 / min.
 Respiratory rate: 8-18 / min.
 Weight: adult 100-300 kg, depending on breed;
newborn 1.0-1.5 kg
 Water consumption: 1-4% of body weight / day
 Food consumption: 1-4% of body weight / day,
depending on breed
 Life span: 6-9 years
Sexing & Breeding
 Boars identified by testes & penis, sows by vulva.
 Noncastrated male pigs occasionally display
aggressive behavior.
 Sow breeding season extends over whole year.
 Estrus recognized by vaginal mucous discharge +
swollen, congested, moist external genitalia &
mounting behavior.
 Gilts may be bred to farrow at age 12 to 14 mo.
 > feed allowance 7 - 10 days before breeding can
increase ovulation rate and litter size.
 Pregnancy if no estrus 21 days after mating.
Sexing & Breeding II
 Pen floor space of 2.1 x 2.4 meters for standard
breeds & 1.2 x 1.5 meters for miniature swine
 Guardrails 15 - 20 cm above bedding & 15 to 20
cm from wall of pen
prevent sow from smothering babies
 Newborns susceptible to chilling - place extra
heat source over pen to prevent hypothermia.
 Sexual maturity: 7-9 months
 Estrous cycle: 18-24 days
 Gestation: 112-115 days
 Litter size: 8-15
 Weaning: 4-6 weeks of age
(Images) Swine Litters
Behavior
 Amenable to handling & close human contact
 Basketballs, bowling balls & other toys for
occupying pigs, especially if housed by itself
 Highly intelligent, prefer a clean environment
 If room, defecate in 1 corner & sleep in another.
 Excited at feeding time & squeal or grunt until
fed.
 May be necessary to separate aggressive
individuals.
 Once dominance of 1 animal established,
subsequent encounters consist of grunts or
threatening postures.
(Image) Swine Behavior
Husbandry
 Portable shelters or open-front sheds, placed on
concrete, provide dry, draft-free bedding area.
 Chain-link or panel type fencing
 Provide access to cool place.
 House on bedding or concrete.
 Water under high pressure for flushing pen
 Indoor facilities meet needs such as breeding,
farrowing, young pigs & environmental control.
 Concrete, elevated, slatted or wire mesh floors
 Animals housed on concrete need their feet
trimmed periodically.
 Mark with an ear tag or ear tattooing.
(Image) Swine Pens
Diet
 Omnivorous
 Eat more when they compete for available food.
 Provide water ad libitum, by automatic watering
valves or bowl watering units.
 Use heavy, weighted watering pans. Swine tend
to root & dump over lightweight pans or troughs.
 Feed less than 2% of body weight daily.
 Miniature swine fed as little as 1%.
 Obesity in pigs is extremely difficult to correct.
 Pigs maintained outdoors increase food
quantities slightly; exercise more outdoors,
resulting in an increased metabolic rate.
Additional Reading
Anderson, R.S. and A.T.B. Edney. Practical Animal Handling. Pergamon
Press, Oxford, UK. 1991.
Panepinto, L.M. and R.L. Kroc. “History, Genetic Origins and Care of
Yucatan Miniature Swine and Micro Pigs.” Lab Animal 24 (6) 1995.
Panepinto, L.M. and M.M. Swindle, (eds.) “Swine in Biomedical
Research.” Laboratory Animal Science, 36(4), 1986.
Stanton, H.C. and H.J. Mersmann, (eds.) Swine In Cardiovascular
Research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 1986.
Swindle, M.M. Swine as Models in Biomedical Research. Iowa State
University Press, IA. 1992.