Progressivism Review

Reform • Change for the better

Rockefeller • Dominated the oil industry • Practiced horizontal integration

Carnegie • Pioneered vertical integration • Extremely wealthy by age 40 • Donated $350 million by the time he died

Gustavus Swift • Invented the refrigerated rail car

Upton Sinclair • Wrote The Jungle based on close observations of how meat packers lived

Trusts • Lower retail prices • Availability of items that were once luxuries • Development and use of new machinery

Progressives • Ida Tarbell- anti- Rockefeller and Standard oil company • Uptn Sinclair- author • Ida B. Wells- anti-lynching • Lester Ward- thought science should be used to improve the human condition

Political Reforms • Initiative • Recall • Referendum

Politicians • Could stay in power by doing favors for people

Immigrants • Settled in U.S. cities for JOBS

Positives of Cities • Jobs • Electricity- lighting • Indoor plumbing

Education • Laws were passed requiring children to attend school • Illiteracy rates declined

Immigrant Challenges • U.S. cities with – Gambling – Robbery – Political Corruption

Problems of Cities • Waste disposal problems • Slum Housing • Crime

Monopolies • Attempted to control the market by eliminating competition

Progressive Reformers • Wanted to give voters more direct say in lawmaking

New Immigrants • Wave that came over around 1900 • Mainly from Italy, Greece, Russia, and other areas of Southern and Eastern Europe • Came for opportunity- better wages, religious and political freedom

New Immigrants • More likely to be – Illiterate – Poor – Catholic or non-Protestant

Arrival Points

Ellis Island for those coming across the Atlantic Angel Island for those coming across the Pacific

Nativism • Idea that America should NOT allow more immigrants

Theodore Roosevelt • Became famous as a Rough Rider on San Juan Hill • Western Rancher • Asthmatic • Became President when McKinley was assassinated

Roosevelt’s Accomplishments • Meat Inspection Act of 1906 • Increased number of national parks • Arbitrated the United Mine Workers Strike

1902 Coal Miner’s Strike • TR threatened to send federal troops to take control of mines

Woodrow Wilson • Due to the Republican split, won the election of 1912 in an electoral landslide

Wilson • Allowed press conferences • Supported the Underwood Tariff reduction bill • Program was known as “New Freedom”

1912 Election • Woodrow Wilson- Democrat • William Howard Taft- Republican • Teddy Roosevelt- Progressive

Booker T. Washington • Felt African Americans should work hard and gradually earn the respect of Whites • Some called this – “Accommodation”

Accommodation • Idea that economic success for blacks was more important than racial equality

W.E.B. Du Bois • Felt blacks should receive equality immediately

Federal Trade Commission • Established to stop unfair business practices among companies • Supported by Wilson

Underwood Tariff • Established to reduce the tariff • High tariffs had been protecting American business

Jane Addams • Wealthy woman that moved to Chicago and built Hull House to help the poor

Issues of Alcohol • Viewed as a cause of violence against women, cause of worker absenteeism and accidents, and a health concern • Temperance Movement- wanted to eliminate alcohol and problems associated with it • Women’s Christian Temperance Movement campaigned for temperance

Rational Use • TR’s idea that forests be preserved for public use

Amendments • 16 th - Allowed for Income Tax • 17 th Direct election of senators • 19 th - Women gain the right to vote

Robert La Follette • Wisconsin Governor responsible for a great deal of reform legislation

Muckrakers • Writers whose articles attacked problems in the U.S.

19 th amendment • Gave women the right to vote

Suffrage • The right to vote

Leon Czolgosz • Assassinated President McKinley

Immigrant • Person entering a country to live there

Margaret Sanger • Spoke to women about preventing pregnancy

Eugene V. Debs • Socialists candidate in 1912 presidential election

Urbanization • Growth of cities

Tenement Buildings • Crowded, run down apartments in slums

Tariff • Tax on imported goods

Nativism • Preference for native-born Americans over immigrants

Teddy Roosevelt • McKinley’s vice-president, became the youngest president ever

Temperance Movement • Drive to restrict or prohibit use of alcohol

William Howard Taft • Republican president from 1909-1913

UMW- United Mine Workers • Called for a coal mine strike hoping for increased pay, less hours and union recognition

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire • 146 people died- mainly young women • Showed dangerous working conditions

Sherman Anti Trust Act • Attempt by the government to limit business activities such as monopolies or trusts • Trying to ensure fair competition in business

American Federation of Labor • Worked for improved wages, better working hours and conditions

White Collar Workers • Managers needed in factories • Led to an increased middle class

Trains • Important to bring goods from the West to the East

Plessy v Ferguson • US Supreme Court approved segregation • “Separate but Equal” ruled constitutional

Asian Minorities • Faced discrimination and prejudice, specially in the West

Political Machines • Corrupt organizations that maintained control in large cities

Muller v Oregon • Supreme Court said that states could limit the work hours of women • Only affected women because they “needed to be protected”

Anti Defamation League • Protects the rights of Jewish Americans

Federal Trade Commission • Formed by Congress to monitor business practices that might lead to monopolies