Transcript Architects and Engineers

Architects and Engineers
New Actors
Architects are building designers. They are both artists of
conceptions and delineators. The schooling for architects does not
exist in America before the 2nd half of the 19th century. Early
architects train in Europe, principally the Ecole des Beaux Arts in
Paris.
1859 American Institute of Architects. Professional organization.
Focus upon design.
Engineers create structures using principles of science. Design is
secondary to the ability of the structure to functionally meet the
needs of the application. Engineers may create structures without
architects, such as towers, bridges, tunnels. Rensselaer Institute in
Troy, New York, first offered a degree in civil engineering in 1835
Beaux Arts
1. Julien Guadet codified the Beaux-Arts principles as seven:
a. Investigation of the proper expression for a building
b. site location, climate always modify expression
c. Simply constructible compositions
d. truthful architectural compositions-no shams
e. perceivable visual strength in the structure
f. easy admittance of air and light
g. composition proceeds by necessary compromises
Curtain wall construction
Terra cotta
St Louis, glazed terra cotta
Structural Clay Tile
Hollow body clay tile began to be used as a fire block in as early as the 1850s, however, its real surge in
use came at the end of the 19th century.
1. Tile is classified by its density (hard, semi-porous, porous) and as glazed or vitrified.
a. Glazed tile produces a glass surface over the exterior.
b. Vitrified tile is fired at such a high temperature that the materials begin to fuse. It is used for
exterior activities.
2. Porous tile is created by introducing combustible materials into the clay which are consumed by
the firing process.
3. Preservation Brief #30, “The Preservation and Repair of Historic Clay Tile Roofs.” By Anne E.
Grimmer and Paul K. Williams.
B. Clay tile blocks are used for structures, usually not more than three stories in height.
1. Glazed tiles were used extensively for silos and agricultural buildings in the 1920s and 1930s
because of their fire resistance, and the insulation value.
2. Often clay tiles are used as in-fill with steel frames or between concrete piers. Rath Packing
Company, Waterloo, Black Hawk County, Iowa.
Clemson University, Agriculture Building
605 Lewis Street, Fredericksburg
Wainwright building
Concrete
Concrete is an artificial, stone-like building material made by combining cement
with aggregate and adding sufficient water to cause it to set and bind the
materials together.
Concrete is a mixture of cement (usually Portland cement) and stone
aggregate. When mixed with a small amount of water, the cement hydrates
form microscopic opaque crystal lattices encapsulating and locking the
aggregate into a rigid structure. Typical concrete mixes have high resistance
to compressive stresses (about 4,000 psi); however, any appreciable tension
(e.g. due to bending) will break the microscopic rigid lattice resulting in
cracking and separation of the concrete. For this reason, typical nonreinforced concrete must be well supported to prevent the development of
tension.
Portland cement is a hydraulic material which consists of at least two-thirds by
mass of calcium silicates (3CaO.SiO2 and 2CaO.SiO2), the remainder consisting
of aluminium- and iron-containing compounds.
Reinforced concrete
Concrete in which a material with high strength in tension,
such as steel is placed. The composite material,
reinforced concrete, resists compression but also
bending, and other direct tensile actions. A reinforced
concrete section where the concrete resists the
compression and steel resists the tension can be made
into almost any shape and size for the construction
industry.
What gives reinforced concrete its advantage?
First, the coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is
similar to that of steel, eliminating internal stresses due
to differences in thermal expansion or contraction.
Second, when the cement paste within the concrete
hardens this conforms to the surface details of the steel
rebar, permitting any stress to be transmitted efficiently
between the different materials.
The alkaline chemical environment provided by calcium
carbonate (lime) causes a passivating film to form on the
surface of the steel, making it much more resistant to
corrosion than it would be in neutral or acidic
conditions. Steel is considered non-reactive in
atmospheres where the ph is 9.5 or higher.