Transcript Unit 4: Electron Configuration, Periodic Trends and

DO NOW:
Put these in order of lowest energy to
highest energy
 Yellow light, ultraviolet light, infrared
light, microwaves (Hint; wavelength is
usually given in nano-meters)

Qwiz Time Dawgs

Put your stuff away EXCEPT for
 Calculator
 Reference Tables
 Something to write with
5.3 Quantum model
UpDaTiNg ThE BoHR MoDeL:
 QuAnTuM
oR
 WaVe
MeChAnIcaL
MoDeL
UpDaTiNg ThE BoHR MoDeL:
The Bohr Model was very good at
explaining many things about atoms and
electrons and how they behaved.
 Just like your wardrobe needs updating,
so did the model of the atom.
 A revolution in physics occurred in the
early 1900’s when experiments showed
that matter, just like light energy, could
have a dual nature…it can act as a
particle or a wave.

The Wave Mechanical Model
 Still
has a dense positive nucleus
where protons and neutrons are
located
 Using complicated math, this math
showed that electrons were not
moving in definite fixed orbits like
planets but had distinct amounts of
energy.
Four “Quantum Numbers”

Four “Quantum Numbers” are used to
describe the location of the electron.
 Principle Energy Levels (PEL) get divided into
sublevels. (PEL are also called the PRINCIPLE
QUANTUM NUMBER. )
 These sublevels are designated: s, p ,d and f
 The number of sublevels is determined by the
number of the principle energy level (n):
n = # sublevels
Sidebar: Memory Hook for
#orbitals in each sublevel
Sidebar: Memory Hook
Each box = orbital (can fit 2 e- each)
f
d
4
p
Orbitals
3
s
1
2
PEL
s
 p
 Within
 d f
the same principle energy
level: the sublevels have different
energies:

s  p  d f
lowest

highest
energy
energy
s
p
d
f
 The sublevels are divided into
orbitals (rooms) where electrons are
found. Each orbital can hold 2
electrons.
 Orbitals are “regions” or “areas”
around the nucleus
The number of orbitals depends on the
sublevel type:
Sublevel #
x 2 = # of
orbitals
electrons in
sublevel
s
x2=
1
2
p
x2=
3
6
5
10
d
x2=
7
14
f
x2=
ORBITAL
An orbital is defined as a region in
which an electron with a particular
amount of energy is most likely to be
found.
 The probability of finding an electron near
the nucleus is ________
 The probability of finding an electron far
away from the nucleus is __________

New model shows the probability of finding
the electron
1 S orbital = 1S sublevel
S sublevel gets larger as n
3 P orbitals = P sublevel
This volume outside the nucleus are
often described as an Electron Cloud.
Electron
Cloud
Nucleus
So far we have 3 Quantum
“Numbers”
 1)
Principle Energy Level: “n”
which are divided into…
 2) Sublevels: s, p d, f which are
divided into…
 3) Orbitals: s has 1, p has 3, d
has 5, f has 7…
The 4th Quantum #: Spin
Within
an orbital, the two
electrons spin in opposite
directions to overcome the
repulsion they feel for each
other (like charges repel.)
The electrons in an orbital spin in
opposite directions!
Wave Mechanical Model showing
orbitals together
A graphic to help….
Principle Energy Level
Sublevels
Orbital
Spin
(up)
Sublevels
Orbit
al
Sublevels
Orbit Orbi
O
al
tal
Spin
U D u d u
(down)
O
0 O
O
d ud ud udud ud
The 4 “Quantum #s Give the
Address of the Electron
 Street
 House
○ Room
 Position in
room
 Principle
Energy
Level (n = #)
 Sublevel (s,p,d,f)
○ Orbital (box in box-
diagram
 Spin (up or down)
Sublevels & Orbitals in PEL
Principle Sublevel Orbitals Total #
Energy (s)
Present of e per
Level
Present
PEL
s
1
2
1
s
1
8
2
p
3
Sublevels & Orbitals in PEL
Principle Sublevel Orbitals Total #
Energy (s)
Present of e per
Level
Present
PEL
s
1
3
p
3
d
5
18
Sublevels & Orbitals in PEL
Principle Sublevel Orbitals Total #
Energy (s)
Present of e per
Level
Present
PEL
s
1
4
p
3
d
f
5
7
32
What “n” can tell you!
n
= Number of principle energy
levels
 n = number of sublevels (s,p,d,f)
 n2 = number of orbitals in that
PEL
 2 n2 = Total number of electrons
in that energy level
Quantum Atom Electron Configuration
from the Periodic Table
There are two ways to show the
Quantum Atom Electron Configuration.
 One way shows the number of electrons
in the Principle Quantum Level (PEL)
and Sublevel type (letter).
 The other way, known as BOX
DIAGRAMS, show all four quantum
numbers by using boxes for orbitals and
arrows for electrons to show the
opposite spin of the electrons.

Using the electron configuration from the
periodic table, we will do both types.
 Quantum Atom
1
1s



PEL
(n)
for Hydrogen
# of electrons
SUBLEVEL
Using the electron configuration from the
periodic table, we will do both types.

Box Diagram for Hydrogen
ORBITAL (box)
1s
PEL
SUBLEVEL
ARROW -SHOW
SPIN of e-
RULES TO REMEMBER WHEN
DRAWING BOX DIAGRAMS
 S has one orbital so draw 1 box
P has 3 orbitals so draw 3 boxes,
 Each “P” box in a sublevel must have an
electron before pairing up because each
orbital has the same energy as the other
orbitals (Boxes)
 Convention is to show the first arrow going
up
 Electrons spin in opposite directions!

Element
H
He
Li
Elec. Config. Quantum
From P T
Atom
E. C.
Box Diagrams
1s
1
1s1
1s
2
2-1
1s2
1s2 2s1
1s
2s
Element
Be
B
C
Elec. Config.
From P T
Quantum Atom
E. C.
2-2
1s2 2s2
2-3
1s2 2s2 2p1
2-4
1s2 2s2 2p2
Box Diagrams
1s
2s
2p
Element
Elec. Config.
From P T
Quantum Atom
E. C.
Box Diagrams
1s
N
O
F
2-5
1s2 2s2 2p3
2-6
1s2 2s2 2p4
2-7
1s2 2s2 2p5
2s
2p
Element
Ne
Na
Mg
Elec. Config. Quantum Atom
From P T
E. C.
Box Diagrams
Element
Al
Si
Elec.
Config.
From P T
Quantum
Atom
E. C.
Box Diagrams
Element
P
S
Elec.
Config.
From P T
Quantum
Atom
E. C.
Box Diagrams
Element
Cl
Ar
Elec.
Config.
From P T
Quantum
Atom
E. C.
Box Diagrams
Element
K
Ca
Elec.
Config.
From P T
Quantum
Atom
E. C.
Box Diagrams
After argon (Ar)


The energy levels begin to overlap and things get
complicated. We will not be doing elements above
Calcium. However….
How many orbitals are in the d sublevel?
5

f sublevel?
7

How many boxes would you draw for the d sublevel?
5

7
f sublevel?
Do Now:
Wizork on the Homeworkzizzle
(#4, what we’ve covered)

Snoop Dogg Says:
“It’s straight G to do
your homework”