Transcript Global Efforts To Improve Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

Progress and Challenges in
Motor Vehicle Pollution Control
The Role of Alternative Fuels
1
Overview
Why Use Alternative Fuels?
 What Alternative Fuel Vehicles are
Available Now?
 Alternative Fuel Vehicle R&D Challenges

2
Why Use Alternative Fuels?
Petroleum Displacement
 Energy Diversity
 Air Quality Improvement
 Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions
 Domestic Economic Development

3
Smog is Becoming Pervasive
4
Nitrogen Oxide Air Quality Trends
in Beijing
micrograms/cubic meter
200
Air Quality Readings
Standar d
150
100
50
0
1988
1998
Calendar Year
5
Source Contribution for RSP (1994)
Mong Kok Annual Average
Secondary Nitrate
3.9%
Secondary Sulphate
13.1%
Secondary Ammonium
3.3%
Marine Aerosol
7.1%
Oil Boilers
0.9%
Construction Composite
2.3%
Unpaved Road Dust
3.1%
Paved Road Dust
10.9%
6
Diesel Vehicles
54.6%
Petrol Vehicles
0.8%
Air Pollution Problem Caused By
Diesel Vehicles in Hong Kong
Taxis, goods vehicles and buses
 30% of vehicle population
 70% of all mileage
 98% of vehicle particulate emissions and
100% black smoke
 75% of vehicle NOx emissions
 Cause of recent record high Air Pollution
Index

7
Sources of PM Emissions in High
Traffic Areas of Bangkok - 1996
Odean Circle
Na NO3
1 .4 %
Se c o n d a ry Su l fa te
1 .2 %
Po we r Pl a n t
0 .1 %
Ste e l M i l l
2 .6 %
Pratunam Intersection
M a ri n e Ae ro s o l s
1 .1 %
He a v y Du ty Di e s e l
1 .9 %
L i g h t Du ty Di e s e l
3 .7 %
Ro a d Du s t
3 0 .2 %
Se c o n d a ry Su l fa te Na NO3
0 .6 %
1 .3 %
Po we r Pl a n t
M a ri n e Ae ro s o l s
0 .2 %
1 .0 %
L i g h t Du ty Di e s e l
Ste e l M i l l
3 .1 %
9 .4 %
Ro a d Du s t
3 1 .5 %
M o to r Cy c l e
4 7 .2 %
Ga s o l i n e Ex h a u s t
1 0 .6 %
Ga s o l i n e Ex h a u s t
5 .4 %
M o to r Cy c l e
4 7 .5 %
Sourc e : PM Aba te m e nt Stra te gy for the Ba ngk ok M e tropolita n Are a
Dra ft Fina l Re port
Ra dia n Inte rna tiona l
8
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
9
1998
1995
1992
1989
1986
1983
1980
1977
General Stations
Roadside Stations
1974
mg/m3
Suspended Particulate Matter
Air Quality Trends in Japan
Transportation Share of
Emissions in US
CO
79%
NOx
VOCs
53%
44%
CO2
33%
Particulates
25%
Lead
13%
SO2
7%

10
Source: EPA
Still a major contributor,
despite reductions in new
vehicle emissions achieved
over the last decade
Different Automotive Fuels =
Different Exhaust Emissions
Blending with
5 - 12
+ Additives
different
Components Oxygenates
Gasoline
Formulation ?
Olefins
Paraff./Napht.
ÖL
Aromatics
+ Air
Different Combustion
+ Additives
Olefins
Aromatics
Naphtens
Different
Crude Oils
and Refineries
Paraffins
Diesel
Formulation ?
HC
NOx CO2
CO
C6H6 PAH
SO2 PM
Estimated World Oil Supply
12
Source: EIA, Long Term World Oil Supply, July 28, 2000.
Relative Greenhouse Gases
25
Gasoline & Diesel Fuel
Ethanol (Now)
Ethanol (Future)
Methanol (from N)
Natural Gas
Propane
13
Zero or a Credit
50
75
100
Alternative Transportation
Fuels
 Electricity
 Ethanol
 Hydrogen
 Methanol
 Natural
Gas
– Compressed
– Liquefied
 Propane
(LPG)
 100% Biodiesel
14
Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Available Now
Ethanol
 Natural Gas
 Propane (LPG)

15
Ford Crown Victoria
Ford F-150
Natural Gas Vehicles



Very Low
Emissions
Good Performance
Lower Cost Fuel
Honda Civic
16



Limited Range, but
Adequate for Most
Applications
Few Refueling Stations
Higher Cost Vehicle
New Flyer D40 LF Bus
Propane Vehicles



Low Emissions
Good Performance
Cost Similar to
Gasoline
Ford F-150
17


Few Typical Refueling
Stations, Many
Potential Places to
Refuel
Higher Vehicle Cost
Ford Club Wagon
Ultrafine Particles Vary For Different
Fuels
Comparison of Particle Emissions from
SMPS.7: All Vehicles and Fuels - 50kph
1.00E+13
Conventional
Diesels
Conventional
Diesel
log scale [Particles/km]
1.00E+12
1.00E+11
G-DI
Direct
Injection
Gasoline
1.00E+10
Gasoline and LPG
MPI and
1.00E+09
LPG
Gasoline
1.00E+08
1.00E+07
Trap Equipped Diesels
1.00E+06
1
10
100
Electrical Mobility Diameter/nm
18
1000
SMPS Number Weighted Size Distributions,
EII and EIII Technologies, ETC Urban Phase
Diesel and Gaseous Fuels
1E+15
Emission g/kWh
1E+14
1E+13
1E+12
1E+11
1
19
10
ETCU-Euro III-2000
ETCU-Euro III-UKULSD
ETCU-Euro II-SWCL1
ETCU-Euro III-NG-CNG
ETCU-Euro III-NG-G25
Diameter/nm 100
1000
ETCU-Euro III-SWCL1
ETCU-Euro II-2000
ETCU-Euro II-UKULSD
ETCU-Euro III-NG-G20
Ethanol Vehicles


Low GHGs
Less Reactive
Ford Taurus
20
Ford Ranger

Subsidy Required
to be Cost
Competitive
Chrysler Minivan
Alternative Fuel Vehicle R&D
Challenges
Ethanol Production from Cellulose
 Reduce Natural Gas and Propane
Vehicle Cost
 Expand Refueling Infrastructure

21
Long-term Outcomes With
Alternative Fuels
Billions of gallons of oil displaced or
reduced
 Thousands of tons of emission
reductions
 Enhanced energy security and improved
transportation sustainability

22
Elements of an Alternative
Fuels Strategy
Set a specific goal
 Voluntary programs
 Public Information
 Fleet mandates
 Grants and incentives

23
“On the Road” Goals to Achieve
Sustainable Vehicle Transportation
Dramatically Improve
“Emissions &
Efficiency”
Use Clean
Alternative &
Renewable
Fuels
Reduce Vehicle Miles
Traveled
24