Transcript Subject Model Who or what does the action of the verb

1
Spanish Vowel Sounds
The 5 vowel sounds are very important to learn!
a – sounds like the “a” when you sing “la-la-la”
e – sounds like the “a” in the word “chaos”
i – sounds like the “e” in “tee”
o – sounds like the “o” in “nose”, but short & crisp
u – sounds like the “oo” in “soon”, again short & crisp
Interrogatives
(Question Words)
¿Quién? / ¿Quiénes? - who?
¿Qué? - what?
¿Cuál? / ¿Cuáles? - Which? / What?
¿Cuánto? / ¿Cuánta? - How much?
¿Cuántos? / ¿Cuántas? - How many?
¿Cuándo? - when?
¿Adónde? - To where?
¿Dónde? - where?
¿Por qué? - why?
¿Cómo? – how?
¿De dónde? - From where?
¿Para qué? - For what reason?
2
3
Conjunctions
(words that join 2+ words, phrases, or clauses)
“y” = and (sometimes “e”)
“ni” = nor, neither
“pero” = but (in the negative = sino)
“o” = or, either (sometimes “u”)
Back of Conjunctions
• libros y revistas - books and magazines
• Ni Juan ni su padre lo superion hasta ayer. - Neither John
nor his father found out until yesterday.
• O me dices la verdad o vas a sentirlo. - Either you tell me
the truth or you're going to regret it.
• Juan no bebe café pero bebe leche. - John does not drink
coffee, but he drinks milk.
• Juan no bebe café sino leche.-John does not drink
coffee, but milk.
Prepositions
•
•
•
•
•
•
a = at, to
antes de = before
con = with
sin = without
de = of, from
después de = after
4
• en = in, on
• hasta = until
• para = in order to,
by, for
• por = through, by
means of, for
Por v. Para
• Por
– in exchange for
– measures a duration of
time
– expresses rate (%, mph)
– movement through space,
by means of
5
• Para
– indicates a destination
– means “intended for”
– indicates a deadline, a time
by which something will be
completed
– before an infinitive it
means “in order to”
Other Helpful Words
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
allí - there
aquí - here
antes - before
después - after
hoy - today
mañana - tomorrow
ayer - yesterday
bien - fine
mal - poorly
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
mucho - a lot
muy - very
siempre - always
nunca - never
poco - a little
pronto - soon
también - also
tan - so
tanto - so much
tarde - late
temprano - early
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7
Common Negative Words
nada = nothing
nadie = no one
ni = neither, nor
no = no, not
nunca = never
Back of card #7
Affirmative Words
•
•
•
•
•
•
algo
alguien
algún/alguno(a)
o… o
siempre
también
Negative Words
something • nada
•
some, any •
either… or •
always
•
also
•
someone
nothing
nadie
no one, nobody
ningún/ninguno(a) none, not any
ni… ni
neither… nor
nunca
never
tampoco
neither, not either
Numbers (0-19)
0 = cero
1 = uno
2 = dos
3 = tres
4 = cuatro
5 = cinco
6 = seis
7 = siete
8 = ocho
9 = nueve
10 = diez
11 = once
12 = doce
13 = trece
14 = catorce
15 = quince
16 = dieciséis
17 = diecisiete
18 = dieciocho
19 = diecinueve
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Numbers (20-39)
20 = veinte
21 = veintiuno
22 = veintidós
23 = veintitrés
24 = veinticuatro
25 = veinticinco
26 = veintiséis
27 = veintisiete
28 = veintiocho
29 = veintinueve
30 = treinta
31 = treinta y uno
32 = treinta y dos
33 = treinta y tres
34 = treinta y cuatro
35 = treinta y cinco
36 = treinta y seis
37 = treinta y siete
38 = treinta y ocho
39 = treinta y nueve
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Benchmark Numbers
40 = cuarenta
50 = cincuenta
60 = sesenta
70 = setenta
80 = ochenta
90 = noventa
100 = cien
101 = ciento uno
115 = ciento quince
171 = ciento setenta y uno
200 = doscientos
300 = trescientos
400 = cuatrocientos
500 = quinientos
600 = seiscientos
700 = setecientos
800 = ochocientos
900 = novecientos
1,000 = mil
2,000 = dos mil
500,000 = quinientos mil
1,000,000 = millón
1,000,000,000 = billón
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11
Ordinal Numbers
1st - primero
2nd - segundo
3rd - tercero
4th - cuarto
5th - quinto
6th - sexto
7th - séptimo
8th - octavo
9th - noveno
10th - décimo
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Days of the Week
Monday = lunes
Tuesday = martes
Wednesday = miércoles
Thursday = jueves
Friday = viernes
Saturday = sábado
Sunday = domingo
• To say that you do
something “on
Monday”, you say “el
lunes”
• To say that you do
something “on every
Monday”, you say “los
lunes”
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Months of the Year
January = enero
February = febrero
March = marzo
April = abril
May = mayo
June = junio
July = julio
August = agosto
September = septiembre
October = octubre
November = noviembre
December = diciembre
Saying Dates
14
December 25 = el veinticinco de diciembre
January 1 = el primero de enero
April 15 = el quince de abril
June 4, 2015 = el cuatro de junio de dos mil quince
1986 = mil novecientos ochenta y seis
1504 = mil quinientos cuatro
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Adjectives
• is a word that describes a noun
• comes after the noun in Spanish
• matches the noun in # & gender
• a good book = un libro bueno
• the tall girl = la chica alta
• three new cars = tres carros nuevos
Subject Pronouns
Who or what does the action of the verb
English
I
you (informal)
he
she
it
name
noun
you (formal)
1 4
Spanish
we
______ and I
y’all (Spain ONLY: informal plural)
2 5 ______ and you
3 6
they
--names
nouns
you all (informal & formal plural)
_____ and ______
yo
4
nosotros
nosotras
______ y yo
2
5
vosotros
vosotras
______ y tú
3
6
1
tú
él
ella
-nombre
sustantivo
usted
ellos
ellas
-nombres
sustantivos
ustedes
_____ y ______
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17
Verbs
• words that narrate the action; they tell you
what is going on
• INFINITIVE = verb in its simplest form
• (end in -ar/-er/-ir)
• ending lets you know who is doing the action
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Present Tense
-ar
o 1
as 2
a 3
4
5
6
amos
áis
an
action happens now
-ir
-er
o 1
2
es
e 3
4
5
6
emos
éis
en
o 1
es 2
e 3
Meanings in English (example = to eat)
Yo como el desayuno. =
I eat breakfast.
I do eat breakfast.
I am eating breakfast.
4
5
6
imos
ís
en
Irregular Present Tense
(DIVES)
dar
doy 1
das2
da 3
damos
5 dais
6 dan
4
action happens now
voy 1
2
vas
va 3
4
5
6
vamos
vais
van
estar
estoy 1
estás 2
está 3
4
5
6
ver
ir
estamos
estáis
están
veo 1 4 vemos
ves 2 5 veis
ve 3 6 ven
ser
soy 1
eres 2
es 3
4
5
6
somos
sois
son
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ser v. estar
• ser
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
20
(to be)
descriptions
origin
time or date
possession
profession, nationality, religion, political affiliation
where an event is taking place
what something is made of
math calculations
• estar
– conditions or feelings
– locations (but not of an event)
– identify a change from the norm or emphasize the special state
or nature of something
– certain weather conditions
• ser
examples of ser v. estar
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–
–
–
–
–
–
Los ojos de mi hijo son azules. - My son’s eyes are blue.
Ella es de Colombia. - She is from Colombia.
Hoy es el dos de febrero. - Today is February 2nd.
La guitarra es de Shakira. - The guitar is Shakira’s.
Mi abuelo es peruano. - My grandfather is Peruvian.
La fiesta de Año Nuevo es en Times Square. - The New Year’s party is in
Times Square.
– Mi casa es de madera. - My house is made out of wood.
– Tres y uno son cuatro. (3 + 1 = 4)
• estar
– Estoy enfermo y voy al hospital. - I’m sick, and I’m going to the hospital.
– Mis amigos están en la cocina ahora. - My friends are in the kitchen
now.
– ¡Estás muy guapo hoy! - You look great today!
– Está soleado esta tarde en la playa. - It’s sunny this afternoon on the
beach.
saber v. conocer
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(to know)
• saber
– facts or giving information
– to say that someone knows
how to do something
sé
sabes
sabe
sabemos
sabéis
saben
• conocer
– to be familiar with a place
– to be acquainted with a
person
conozco
conoces
conoce
conocemos
conocéis
conocen
Simple Future Tense
action is going to happen
a
ir
voy 1
vas 2
va 3
4
5
6
vamos
vais
van
infinitive
-ar
-er
-ir
All 3 words MUST be present to be grammatically
correct.
Los estudiantes van a estudiar mucho.
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Present Progressive Tense
action is happening right now
estar
estoy
estás
está
Note:
1 4 estamos
2 5
3
6
estáis
están
present participle
-ar = ando
-er
=
iendo
-ir
1. If a word is an “-ir” stem changing verb in the present
tense, there is a single letter stem change in the present
participle: e = i; o = u
dormir = durmiendo; vestir = vistiendo
2. If there are 3 vowels together and the middle one is an
unaccented “i”, that “i” changes to “y”:
leer = leyendo; destruir = destruyendo
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Simple Past Tense
action has just happened
acabar
acabo 1
acabas2
acaba 3
4
5
6
acabamos
acabáis
acaban
de
infinitive
-ar
-er
-ir
All 3 words MUST be present to be grammatically
correct.
Acabamos de comer el almuerzo.
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Preterite Tense
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action happened at a specific time in the past and is completed
-ar
é 1
aste 2
ó 3
4
5
6
amos
asteis
aron
-er/ -ir
í 1
iste 2
ió 3
4
5
6
imos
isteis
ieron
Preterite (back side)
Some indicators of specific times in the past
ayer
anteayer
la semana pasada
el mes pasado
el año pasado
anoche
yesterday
day before yesterday
last week
last month
last year
last night
Irregular Preterite Tense
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action happened at a specific time in the past and is
completed
ser/ir
fui 1
fuiste 2
fue 3
4
5
6
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
ver
dar
di 1
diste2
dio 3
4
dimos
5 disteis
6 dieron
vi
viste
vio
1
4
2
5
3
6
vimos
visteis
vieron
Irregular Preterite (back side)
Examples:
No fui muy inteligente. I wasn’t very smart.
No fui al cine ayer. I didn’t go to the movies yesterday.
Le diste demasiado dinero. You gave him too much money.
Vimos al gobernador la semana pasada. We saw the governor last
week.
i-stem Preterite Verbs
HQDV (He Quit Doing Verbs)
hacer
querer
hice 1 4 hicimos
hiciste2 5 hicisteis
hizo 3 6 hicieron
quise 1
quisiste 2
quiso 3
decir
dije 1
dijiste 2
dijo 3
4
5
6
dijimos
dijisteis
dijeron
4
5
6
quisimos
quisisteis
quisieron
venir
vine
viniste
vino
1
4
2
5
3
6
vinimos
vinisteis
vinieron
28
i-Stem Preterite (back side)
These verbs have slightly different meanings in the preterite:
querer – to try (without necessarily succeeding)
no querer – to refuse
u-stem Preterite Verbs
29
EAT SPP (EAT Sweet Potato Pie)
estar
estuve
andar
1 4
estuvimos
anduve
1 4
anduvimos
estuviste 2 5
estuvisteis
anduviste 2 5
anduvisteis
estuvo
estuvieron
anduvo
3 6
anduvieron
3 6
tener
tuve
saber
1 4 tuvimos
tuviste 2 5 tuvisteis
3 6 tuvieron
tuvo
supe
poder
supo
supiste 2 5 supisteis
1 4
pudimos
pudiste 2 5
pudisteis
pudo
pudieron
pude
3 6
1 4 supimos
3 6 supieron
poner
puse
pusiste
1 4 pusimos
2 5 pusisteis
puso
3 6 pusieron
u-Stem Preterite (back side)
These verbs have slightly different meanings in the preterite:
tener – to get; to receive
saber – to find out; to discover
poder – to manage to do; to succeed in doing
no poder – to be unable to (and not do)
j-stem Preterite Verbs
TCDT (Tom Conjugates During Track)
traer
conducir
traje 1 4 trajimos
trajiste 2 5 trajisteis
3 6
trajo
trajeron
conduje
condujiste
condujo
decir
dije 1
dijiste 2
dijo 3
4
5
6
dijimos
dijisteis
dijeron
1 4
2 5
3
6
condujimos
condujisteis
condujeron
traducir
traduje 1
tradujiste 2
tradujo 3
4
5
6
tradujimos
tradujisteis
tradujeron
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Preterite v. Imperfect
Preterite
• single, completed event
• beginning or ending of
an action
• when you tell how long
an action has lasted
Imperfect
• incomplete, ongoing
event
• descriptions
• telling time in the past
• habitual actions
31
Imperfect Tense
32
action was happening; action used to happen; ongoing, recurring or
incomplete action in the past
-er/-ir
-ar
ía
ías
ía
aba 1 4 ábamos
abas 2 5 abais
aba 3 6 aban
ser
ir
iba 1 4 íbamos
ibas 2 5 ibais
iba 3 6 iban
era
2 5
3 6
íais
ían
ver
1 4 éramos
eras2
era
1 4 íamos
erais
eran
veía 1 4veíamos
veías 2 5 veíais
veía 3 6 veían
Imperfect (back side)
This verb tense has specific applications:
1. It indicates the continuance of a past action or event or to describe
a situation in the past. Neither the beginning nor the end is
indicated.
2. It is used to describe persons or things in the past.
3. It describes a state of mind in the past with verbs like: creer,
pensar, querer and saber
4. It expresses the time of day in the past.
5. When used with “hacía + expression of time + que + the imperfect
tense”, it describes an action or event that began in the past and
continued in the past.
6. It is used with the preterite to describe a situation that was going
on (imperfect) when an action/event occurred (it was begun or
ended)
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Pronouns (PN)
Direct Object DOP
me 1
te 2
lo, la 3
4
5
6
Possessive Adjective
mi,mis
nuestro(s)
1 4 nuestra(s)
tu, tus2 5 vuestro(s)
vuestra(s)
su, sus3 6 su, sus
Indirect Object IOP
me
te
le
nos
os
los, las
Reflexive PN
me
te
se
1 4
2
nos
os
se
1 4
2 5
3 6
nos
os
les
Prepositional PN
mí
conmigo
nosotros
1 4 nosotras
ti contigo2
5 vosotros
vosotras
3 6
él
ellos
ella
ellas
usted
ustedes
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Reflexive Verbs
Reflexive verbs are indicated by the reflexive pronoun “se” attached
to the infinitive. (ie: despertarse, ducharse, divertirse, etc.
1. To conjugate, remove the –se and place it in front of the
conjugated verb.
2. Change the –se to match the subject (boxes MUST match!!!!)
3. Conjugate the infinitive as normal.
4. Remember, all boxes must agree: Subject/Reflexive Pronoun/Verb
ending – all must come from the SAME box.
5. Once the –se is removed, look at your infinitive, that is what
determines which group of endings to use!
6. If the reflexive verb is part of a two verb tense (Simple Future,
Simple Past, etc.), you can leave it on the infinitive, but it still
MUST match the box of the subject.
35
Stem Changing Verbs – Present tense
Stem – changing verbs in the present tense (aka: Boot Verbs)
1. Have one of four possible stem changes:
e – ie
o - ue
e–i
o–u
2. Changes occur only in Boxes 1, 2, 3, and 6 (yo, tú, él/ella/usted
and ellos/ellas/ustedes)
3. Stem change the next to the last vowel
4. Stem changing verbs CAN also be Irregular verbs (spelling change
in Box 1). When this is the case, make the spelling change in Box
1 and then stem change in Boxes 2, 3, and 6 as usual
36
Stem Changing Verbs – Preterit tense
Stem – changing verbs in the preterite tense (aka: sandal Verbs)
1. Have one of two possible stem changes:
e–i
o–u
2. Changes occur only in Boxes 3, and 6 (él/ella/usted and
ellos/ellas/ustedes)
3. Stem change the next to the last vowel
4. Stem changing verbs in the preterite are only –ir verbs that stem
changed in the present tense
Irregular Verbs
37
1. Irregular verbs have a spelling change in Box 1 only.
2. If a word is stem changing, the stem changes occur in the Present
tense, Boxes 2, 3, and 6.
3. There are Irregular verbs in Present, Preterite and Present
Subjunctive. Spelling changes occur due to sound needs:
g + a/o/u has a hard g sound (like ‘g’ in ‘guy’)
g + i/e has a soft h sound (like ‘h’ in ‘hairy’)
c + a/o/u has a hard k sound (like ‘c’ in ‘cat’)
c + i/e has a soft s sound (like ‘s’ in ‘sister’)
4. Every attempt is made to retain the original sound of the verb in
the infinitive. So, when conjugation changes the sound of the
original. Sometimes they completely change the sound (think –go
verbs: hacer, tener, venir, salir, traer, oír, decir, etc.) Other times
they add a ‘u’ after the ‘g’ to keep the hard sound, or a ‘z’ in front
of a ‘c’ to keep the ‘s’ sound.
Present Subjunctive Mood
38
*action in subjunctive clause may or may not occur or be true
*speaker/writer is expressing uncertainty, doubt, emotion, desire,
hope, recommendation, denial, or disbelief
-er/ -ir
-ar
e
es
e
1
4
2
5
3
6
emos
éis
en
a
as
a
1 4
2 5
3 6
amos
áis
an
The Subjunctive
To use:
1. You must have 2 clauses.
2. Each clause has a different Subject (doer of the action)
3. Clauses are usually separated by “que”
4. Verb in the 1st clause is a WEIRDO verb.
To form:
1. Use the “yo” form of the verb (This includes the stem-change
form and the Irregular form, i.e. “quiero” or “tengo”)
2. Drop the “o” and add “opposite” endings:
-ar
e
es
emos
éis
e
en
a
as
a
-er/-ir
amos
áis
an
39
Commands --- Tú forms
40
1. Commands have implied lead-in “I want you to . . .” even though
it is not explicitly stated. Therefore the subjunctive is use for most
forms of command.
2. There are two types of commands: Positive (do NOT contain the
word “No”) and Negative (DO contain the word “No”)
3. Positive Tú commands use the BOX 3 present tense form of the
verb: ¡Camina! ¡Corre! ¡Escribe!
1. There are some exceptions: hacer - ¡Haz!, decir - ¡Di!, salir ¡Sal!, tener- ¡Ten!, ir - ¡ve!, poner - ¡pon!, venir - ¡ven!, ser ¡sé!
4. Negative Tú commands use the BOX 2 form of the Subjunctive
¡No camines! ¡No corras! ¡No escribas!
1. There are four irregular forms: dar - ¡No des!, estar - ¡No
estés!, ir - ¡No vayas!, ser - ¡No seas!
Commands --- Ud. & Uds. forms
41
1. Commands have implied lead-in “I want you to . . .” even though
it is not explicitly stated. Therefore the subjunctive is used for
most forms of command.
2. There are two types of commands: Positive (do NOT contain the
word “No”) and Negative (DO contain the word “No”)
3. Positive Ud./Uds. commands use the BOX 3 or BOX 6 present
subjunctive form of the verb: ¡Camine(n)! ¡Corra(n)! ¡Escriba(n)!
1. There are some exceptions: saber - ¡sepa(n)!, ser - ¡sea(n)!, ir ¡vaya(n)!, estar - ¡esté(n)!
4. Negative Ud./Uds. commands use the BOX 3 or Box 6 form of
the Subjunctive with the Word “no” in front of it.
¡No camine(n)! ¡No corra(n)! ¡No escriba(n)!
1. There are the same four exceptions listed above.
Future Tense
42
action will happen
Infinitive + endings
Infinitive +
é
ás
á
1
4
2
5
3
6
emos
éis
án
Exceptions:
haber
poder
querer
saber
habrpodrquerrsabr-
poner
salir
tener
venir
pondrsaldrtendrvendr-
decir dirhacer har-
Conditional Tense
42
action would happen
Infinitive + endings
Infinitive +
ía
ías
ía
1
4
2
5
3
6
íamos
íais
ían
Exceptions:
haber
poder
querer
saber
habrpodrquerrsabr-
poner
salir
tener
venir
pondrsaldrtendrvendr-
decir dirhacer har-
Present Perfect Tense
action has happened
haber
he
has
ha
Past participle
hemos
5 habéis
6 han
-ar = ado
-er = ido
-ir = ido
1 4
2
3
Both words MUST be present to be grammatically
correct.
Exceptions:
Hacer = hecho
decir = dicho
escribir = escrito
Romper = roto
abrir = abierto
cubrir = cubierto
43
Past Perfect Tense
action had happened
haber
había
habías
había
1
4
2
5
3
6
Past participle
habíamos
habíais
habían
-ar = ado
-er = ido
-ir = ido
Both words MUST be present to be grammatically
correct.
Exceptions:
Hacer = hecho
decir = dicho
escribir = escrito
Romper = roto
abrir = abierto
cubrir = cubierto
44
Future Perfect Tense
action will have happened
haber
Habré
habrás
habrá
1
4
2
5
3
6
Past participle
habremos
habráis
habrán
-ar = ado
-er = ido
-ir = ido
Both words MUST be present to be grammatically
correct.
Exceptions:
Hacer = hecho
decir = dicho
escribir = escrito
Romper = roto
abrir = abierto
cubrir = cubierto
44
Conditional Perfect Tense
action would have happened
haber
Habría 1
Habrías 2
habría 3
Past participle
4 habríamos
5
6
habríais
habrían
-ar = ado
-er = ido
-ir = ido
Both words MUST be present to be grammatically
correct.
Exceptions:
Hacer = hecho
decir = dicho
escribir = escrito
Romper = roto
abrir = abierto
cubrir = cubierto
45
46
Idiomatic Expressions and Proverbs
• dar las gracias - to thank
• de repente - suddenly
• de hoy en adelante - from
now on
• echar al correo - to mail
• estar de acuerdo (con) - to
agree (with)
• extrañar el nido - to be
homesick
• sano y salvo - safe and
sound
• volverse loco - to go crazy
• tener cuidado - to be careful
• tener en cuenta - to keep in
mind
• La práctica hace al maestro.
- Practice makes perfect.
• Más vale tarde que nunca. Better late than never.
• llover a cántaros - to rain a
lot
• No hay mal que por bien no
venga. - Every cloud has a
silver lining.