Library Workshop

Citing References & Avoiding Plagiarism

What is Plagiarism?

• Plagiarism is “the action or practice of taking someone else's work, idea, etc., and passing it off as one's own; literary theft.” – Oxford English Dictionary • Plagiarism is not only mere copying of text; it also refers to using another's ideas as one's own, regardless of the specific words or constructs used to express that idea • You will commit plagiarism if fail to include quotations or acknowledge the sources in your paper • Articles increasingly available as electronic text in Internet, has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier, imply increasing risk of plagiarism 2

Word-to-word Copy

Examples of Plagiarism

• Original • Your Text:

Plagiarized!

The concept of identity construction is crucial in second language learning. English learning at the tertiary level is both a process of acquiring language skills, and a process of understanding who the learners are and how they are related to the learning community, the national sociocultural context and the imagined global community.

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Examples of Plagiarism

Using other’s words and ideas without acknowledgment • Original • Your Text:

Plagiarized!

The concept of identity construction is crucial in second language learning. Post-secondary level English learning not only represents a process of acquiring language skills, but also helps the learners to understand own identities and their relationship with the learning community.

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More about Plagiarism

• Is it plagiarism if I just copy a few words from other’s work?

Yes. The quantity of words being copied is not the main concern. The important point is that you have copied other’s work and made no acknowledgement.

• Is it an act of plagiarism if I copy from an unpublished work?

Yes. It doesn't matter whether the work which is copied has been published or not. The key point is that it was copied from someone else without making acknowledgement.

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More about Plagiarism

• What is the result if you found commit plagiarism?

In academic community, plagiarism is considered unethical and dishonest. HKIEd General Academic Policies and Regulations: “Any alleged cases of academic misconduct will be handled by the Head of the academic department concerned who shall then conduct a thorough investigation… Any proven acts of academic misconduct may result in dismissal from the Institute.

http://www.ied.edu.hk/reg/student_handbook/chap_en9.html

• Is plagiarism the same as copyright infringement?

They are closely related but not exactly the same. Plagiarism is an act of academic dishonesty while copyright infringement is legal offence. 6

Resources

Avoiding Plagiarism

• Academic Integrity, Princeton University http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/integrity/08/intro/ • Purdue Online Writing Lab http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/

Intellectual Property & Copyright

• Intellectual Property in Hong Kong http://www.ipd.gov.hk/eng/intellectual_property/ip_hk.htm

• Copyright in Hong Kong http://www.ipd.gov.hk/eng/pub_press/publications/hk.htm

• Legitimate Use of Copyright Works in Education https://intranet.ied.edu.hk/coursepacks/pdf/Circular%20on%20Legitimate%20Use%2 0of%20Copyright%20Works%20under%20the%20Copyright%20Ordinance.pdf

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How to Avoid Plagiarism?

• Use Quotations to show clearly the extent of other’s work 1. Direct quotation When discussing potential problems in building collaborative digital resources, Straw warned that: Preservation and security concerns will also arise in putting together digital partnerships. Proper professional handling of archival, original, fragile, unique, and sometimes rare items during the digitization process should be taken seriously. (Straw, 2009, p.109) 2. Quoting short part of sentence When discussing potential problems in building collaborative digital resources, Straw pointed out the critical issues of “preservation and security concerns”. Safe handling of materials during digitization must be assured among digital partners. (Straw, 2009) • Paraphrasing (re-writing in your own words) • Cite & list your sources 8

Citing References

• Allows you to use other people’s work by giving credit to the original author without plagiarizing • Provide documentation for all facts and figures that are not common knowledge • Strengthens your work by lending outside support to your arguments • Provides the source information for others who wants to find out more about your ideas • Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher • Out of order/incomplete citations cause inaccurate citation network indexing 9

What’s the difference between reference list and bibliography?

A reference list consists of all sources cited in the text of a paper, listed alphabetically by author’s surname. A bibliography may include resources that were consulted but not cited in the text as well as an annotated description of each one. Bibliographies may be organized chronologically, or by subject, rather than alphabetically.

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Citation Styles

APA Style Walser, R. D., & Westrup, D. (2009). The mindful couple: How acceptance and mindfulness can lead you to the love you want . Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. Chicago Style Walser, Robyn D., and Darrah Westrup. 2009. The mindful couple: How acceptance and mindfulness can lead you to the love you want . Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.

MLA Style Walser, Robyn D., and Darrah Westrup. The Mindful Couple: How Acceptance and Mindfulness Can Lead You to the Love You Want . Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 2009. Print.

Harvard Style Walser, RD & Westrup, D 2009, The mindful couple: how acceptance and mindfulness can lead you to the love you want , Oakland, CA, New Harbinger Publications. 11

APA Style

http://www.apastyle.org

• Developed by the American Psychological Association • Widely used in Psychology & Social Sciences journals • Latest edition (6th ed.) released in July 2009 • Manuscripts submitted to APA journals must conform to the 6th edition • Students and staff of HKIEd are required to use APA style for their reference list or bibliography, unless otherwise stated 12

Resources of APA Style (6th ed.)

American Psychological Association. (2010).

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association

(6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. •

APA Style Home Page

http://www.apastyle.org/ Online Tutorials • • • • Supplemental Materials • Sample Papers

Update on APA Style

APA Style Blog http://blog.apastyle.org/ Facebook http://www.facebook.com/APAStyle Twitter http://twitter.com/APA_Style 13

APA Style: Citing References in Text

• References are cited in text with author-date system alphabetically in the reference list and listed • Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list • Each entry in the reference list must be cited in text • Two kinds of material are cited only in text 1. Classical works: Bible, Qu’ran, Dao De Jing, etc.

e.g. (2 Cor. 5:17 New International Version) (Qur’an 5:3-4) 2. Personal communications (non-recoverable data) e.g. B. H. Philips (personal communication, May 11, 2001) 14

Citing Works by Multiple Authors

• 2 Authors Cite both authors every time Smith and Johnson (1998) found that the system … The findings confirmed with previous study ( Smith & Johnson , 1998) • 3-5 Authors First citation: Cheung, Li, Searle, Chan, and Frazer (1996) reviewed the theory of … Subsequent citations: Cheung et al.

(1996) further developed a measuring system … • 6 or more Authors Use et al. (not italicized) for the first and subsequent citations Kohn et al.

(2007) suggested the possible causes … 15

Writing Style

 DO NOT use periods with web addresses in text or in the reference list  In text: include URL in parentheses, avoid ending a sentence with a URL Example: The APA ( http://www.apa.org

) has updated the rules of publication style in July 2009, with expanded discussions on ethics … Horton, M. (2009, September 9). H1N1 prevention tips by Dr. Mark Horton [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UT2BGE_XyIY 16

• • •

Reference List

Arrange by authors in Alphanumerical Order Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list Each entry in the reference list must be cited in text Entire Book Damrosch, D. (2003).

What is world literature?

Press.

Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Edited Book Ercikan, K., & Roth, W-M. (Eds.). (2009). Generalizing from educational research: Beyond qualitative and quantitative polarization . New York, NY: Routledge.

Book Chapter Tian, C. (2009). Development of dialectical materialism in China. In Chinese philosophy (pp.512-538) . London, England: Routledge.

B. Mou (Ed.), History of 17

Publication Place

• • Include the state abbreviation (e.g., New York, NY) for all cities of United States Include the Country for all locations outside United States Coles-Ritchie , M. (2009). Inciting change in secondary English language programs : The case of Cherry High School . New York, NY : Palgrave Macmillan.

Haughey , J. C. (2009). Where is knowing going? : The horizons of the knowing subject. Washington, DC : Georgetown University Press. Hardman, A. E., & Stensel, D. J. (2009). Physical activity and health : the evidence explained . (2nd ed.). London, England : Routledge.

Aw, T. (2009). Map of the invisible world . Toronto, Canada : McClelland & Stewart. 18

•

Non-English Publications Give original title, and translate title into English with brackets

Sack, F. (2006). Das offene Haus: für eine neue Architektur [Open house: towards a new] . Berlin, Germany: Jovis.

Ye, Q., Li, B., & Cheng, J. (2006). 20 世纪西方人生哲学 [The western philosophy of life of 20th century] . Beijing, China: Remin Chubanshe.

or Ye, Q., Li, B., & Cheng, J. (2006). 20 shiji xifang rensheng zhexue [The western philosophy of life of 20th century] . Beijing, China: Remin Chubanshe.

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Journal Articles Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of journal , vol (issue), pp-pp.

•

Retain the hyphen if the author’s first name is hyphenated Hue, M.-T. (2009). Promotion of spiritual development: exploration of the self and spiritualism through the practice of Chinese calligraphy. Pastoral Care in Education , 27 , 63-76.

•

Include the issue no. if the journal is paginated by issue Bill, M., & Emmy, M. (2008). Writing tutors in the economics classroom: A case study. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education , 38 (3) , 21-36.

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Publications by Multiple Authors

•

Up to 7 Authors: List all authors

Tiihonen, J., Lönnqvist, J., Wahlbeck, K., Klaukka, T., Niskanen, L., Tanskanen, A., & Haukka, J. (2009). 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet , 374 , 620-627.

• 1.

2.

3.

More than 7 Authors

List the first six authors Omit all subsequent authors except the last & replaced with … List the last author 21

An article with 21 authors List the first 6 and the last author Seedat, S., Scott, K. M., Angermeyer, M. C., Berglund, P., Bromet, E. J., Brugha, T. S., . . . Kessler, R. C.

(2009). Cross-National Associations between gender and mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Archives of General Psychiatry , 66 , 785-795.

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References of Electronic Resources

• Use Digital Object Identifiers (DOI), when available, to replace as persistent and reliable links to locate sources (for both print & electronic sources) • If DOI unavailable, use home page URL of the journal • If the item cannot be easily retrieved from the source, use the full document URL (e.g. blog) • Retrieval dates no longer required unless the source material may change over time (e.g. Wikis) • Database information not required unless the item is only available in the database 23

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

• Unique identification of electronic publication • An alphanumeric string assigned by registration agency • Persistent link to its location on the Internet • Format: 10.xxxx/xxxx (e.g. 10.

1080 / 02607470903220398) • Links to the document by DOI resolver provided by the registration agency, e.g. CrossRef.org

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DOI 25

DOI Resolver

Locate the electronic publication with DOI resolver 1.

Crossref.org

http://www.crossref.org

2.

Append the doi string to http://dx.doi.org/ e.g. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02607470903220497 3.

中文 DOI http://www.chinadoi.cn/ 26

Try it out

Find the article with DOI: 10.1007/s11516-010-0007-0

Steps

1. Go to the Crossref web site http://www.crossref.org

2. Enter the DOI in the DOI Resolver Search Box

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Electronic Journal Articles

• Journal article with DOI Bore, A., & Wright, N. (2009). The wicked and complex in education: developing a transdisciplinary perspective for policy formulation, implementation and professional practice. Journal of Education for Teaching , 35 , 241-256. doi:10.1080/02607470903091286 • Journal article without DOI Dresser, R. (2007). The effects of teacher inquiry in the bilingual language arts classroom. Teacher Education Quarterly , 34 (3), 53-66. Retrieved from http://www.teqjournal.org/ • Advance online publication with DOI Guerra, S. (2009). Colonizing bodies: Corporate power and biotechnology in young adult science fiction . Journal Children‘s Literature in Education . Advanced online publication. doi:10.1007/s10583-009-9086-z 28

Electronic Journal Articles

• Journal article with DOI Bore, A., & Wright, N. (2009). The wicked and complex in education: developing a transdisciplinary perspective for policy formulation, implementation and professional practice. Journal of Education for Teaching , 35 , 241-256. doi:10.1080/02607470903091286 • Journal article without DOI Dresser, R. (2007). The effects of teacher inquiry in the bilingual language arts classroom. Teacher Education Quarterly , 34 (3), 53-66. Retrieved from http://www.teqjournal.org/ • Advance online publication with DOI Guerra, S. (2009). Colonizing bodies: Corporate power and biotechnology in young adult science fiction . Journal Children‘s Literature in Education . Advanced online publication. doi:10.1007/s10583-009-9086-z 29

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/a-doi-and-url-flowchart.html

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Dissertation or Theses From a Commercial Database

• Include Name of Database, and Accession or Order No.

Ko, B. (2008). An examination of teaching practices of elementary physical educators . (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database . (Pub No. AAT 3332216) 31

Dissertation or Theses, from an Institutional database

• Include URL of the database source Huang, J. (2009). Interactive integration: English language learning strategies, styles and tasks in a school in Fujian . (Doctoral thesis, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China). Retrieved from http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/ 32

Dissertation or Theses, from the web

• Include URL of the source Xu, Z. (2008). Party controls in National Central University and Nanjing University before and after 1949 . (Master thesis, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China). Retrieved from http://www.library.ln.edu.hk/ethesis/full/xu_081015.pdf

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Unpublished Dissertation or Theses

Li, X. (2009). POMDP compression and decomposition via belief state analysis . (Unpublished doctoral thesis).

China. Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 34

Meetings & Symposia • Paper presentation or poster session

Sin, K. F. (2008, March). Education reform and teacher education for inclusion in the Asian-Pacific region . Paper presented at the 1st East-Asian Symposium on Teacher Education Research, Tokyo, Japan.

• Conference paper abstract retrieved online

Beauchamp, C., & Thomas, L. (2006, November). Becoming a professional: Developing teacher identity within programmes of teacher education . Paper presented at the International Conference on Teacher Education, Calgary, Canada. Abstract retrieved from http://ucalgarymcgilledconf.mcgill.ca/ abstracts/beauchamp_thomas.html

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Newspaper Articles

Newspaper article

Cheng, A. (2009, September 23). Education system fails those most in need. South China Morning Post , p. EDT12.

Online newspaper article

• To avoid nonworking URLS, give the home page URL Andrew, E. L. (2009, April 19). U.S. May Convert Banks’ Bailouts to Equity Share. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

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Artwork

Chen, S. (1936). Banana tree [Painting] . Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong Museum of Art. Wen, Z. (1527). Zhulin shenchu tu [In the deep shade of a bamboo grove; painting ]. Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong Museum of Art. Retrieved from http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Arts/images/collections/24/2_4_5a.jpg

Rodin, A. (1902). The thinker [Bronze sculpture] . Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art.

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Audiovisual Media • Video

Milchan A., & Reuther, S. (Producer). (1998). The client . [DVD] . Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video.

Law A. K. Y. (Producer), & Cheung, M. Y. T. (Director). (2010). Entertainment Group . Suiyue shentou [Echoes of the Rainbow; motion picture ]. Hong Kong, China: Mei Ah .

• Music Recordings

Ma, Y. Y. (2007). New impossibilities [CD] . New York, NY: Sony Classical.

• Podcast

Passmore, S. (2009, September 8). Naked Cantonese [Audio podcast] . Retrieved from http://podcast.rthk.org.hk/podcast/item.php?pid=45 38

Web pages

Author. (Year). Title of web page . Retrieved from URL • Examples Education Bureau. (2008).

Qualifications framework

. Retrieved from http://www.hkqf.gov.hk/guie/home.asp International Association of Universities. (2008).

IAU: For a worldwide higher education community

. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/iau/association/index.html

Hong Kong Institute of Education. (n. d.).

Vision & mission

. Retrieved from http://www.ied.edu.hk/about_hkied/vision-mission.html

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Blogs,

Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of post. [Description of form]. Retrieved from URL

• Blog post

McAdoo, T. (2009, September 10). Use of first person in APA style [Web log post] . Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/use-of-first-person-in-apa-style.html

Dennis. (2009, September 12). Re: Use of first person in APA style [Web log comment] . Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/use-of-first-person-in-apa style.html

• Video post

thenobleprize. (2010, October 8). 2010 Nobel Peace Prize Announcement.mp4 [Video file] . Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ciWOvSMht80 40

Newsgroups, Online Forums

Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of post. [Description of form]. Retrieved from URL • Newsgroup post Faruk. (2009, October 2). Brain development [Newsgroup message] . Retrieved from http://groups.google.com/group/de.test/browse_thread/thread/8fff31276ed86b36/ 9d962272cb18d615?q=childhood+development • Online forum Jenn. (2009, February 14). Re: Dyslexic Student and Memorizing his Multiplication Facts [Online forum comment] . Retrieved from http://ldonline.org/xarbb/topic/15298#89028 41

Facebook, Twitter

• To cite a Facebook or Twitter feed as a whole or to discuss it in general, it is sufficient to give the site URL in text, inside parentheses • There is no need for a reference list entry • Example Obama has strategically used social network media such as Twitter ( http://www.twitter.com/barackobama ) and Facebook ( http://www.facebook.com/barackobama ) for publicity in the Internet world.

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Facebook, Twitter

• Citing particular posts, which require both reference list entries and in-text citations • Citations President Obama announced the launch of the American Graduation Initiative (BarackObama, 2009a). He also stated that he was “humbled” to have received the Nobel Peace Prize (Barack Obama, 2009b). • References BarackObama. (2009a, July 15). Launched American Graduation Initiative to help additional 5 mill. Americans graduate college by 2020: http://bit.ly/gcTX7 [Twitter post] . Retrieved from http://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/2651151366 Barack Obama. (2009b, October 9). Humbled. http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/obamaforamerica/gGM45m [Facebook update] . Retrieved from http://www.facebook.com/posted.php? id=6815841748&share_id=154954250775&comments=1#s154954250775 43

Cannot find the information needed in the APA Manual?

• Refer to the APA Blog for new update • Some posting on citing references: •

How Do You Cite an E-Book (e.g., Kindle Book)?

•

Can You Cite Personal Life Experience?

•

How to Cite Wikipedia in APA Style

•

How to Cite Something You Found on a Website in APA Style

•

How to Cite Facebook: Fan Pages, Group Pages, and Profile Information

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APA 6th edition is supported in major Bibliographic Management Tools

RefWorks

Create Bibliography > Output Style

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Bibliographic Management Tools

EndNote

Download & Install the APA 6th Style Update Package http://www.endnote.com/support/enapa6instruct.asp

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Bibliographic Management Tools

EndNote Web

Format > Bibliography > Customize this list > Select APA 6th > Copy to Favorites

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