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Understanding Human Differences Multicultural Education for a Diverse America 3rd Edition By Kent L. Koppelman Chapter 6 Religion and Oppression: The Struggle for Religious Freedom This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: •Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network •Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images •Any rental, lease, or lending of the program Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 0 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 1 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc How did the first colonists deal with RELIGIOUS diversity Colonials from the majority faith in England expected to have an ESTABLISHED Anglican church This was OPPOSED by those of minority faiths Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 2 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc How did the colonies promote the concept of religious diversity Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 3 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Roger Williams argued for religious freedom; he was expelled by the Puritans and founded Rhode Island (offering religious freedom) William Penn recruited people of diverse faiths to come to Pennsylvania Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, advocated religious freedom in Maryland to ensure that Catholics could freely worship there Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 4 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc How was the principle of religious freedom established in all the colonies The “Great Awakening” (18th century) united Protestants This replaced sectarian conflict with denominational faiths – one faith called by many names Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 5 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc What was the relationship between Deism and Christianity Deism believed in a Creator Creator does not intervene in human affairs Emphasized rationality rather than the supernatural Affirms the Creator by understanding creation Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 6 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Why was there so little reference to religion in the original Constitution The Founders chose to create a SECULAR government to avoid religious conflict Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 7 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Did the First Amendment establish RELIGIOUS FREEDOM in the new nation Religious Freedom was more PRINCIPLE than PRACTICE Considerable opposition to “non-Protestant” faiths Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 8 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Was any group actively persecuted for their religious beliefs Mormons were driven from state to state until Joseph Smith, the faith’s founder, was murdered Brigham Young led the remaining Mormons to settle in Mexican territory Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 9 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc What was the impact of large numbers of Catholic immigrants Catholic immigrants in the U.S. 1820 = 200,000 1850 = 2,000,000 Increased tension with Protestants, and more incidents of physical violence Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 10 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Why was hostility directed against Catholics Protestants saw the Catholic Church as the enemy of freedom because of its history of persecution Anti-Catholic attitudes in public schools caused Catholics to establish their own schools Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 11 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc What were the Philadelphia Bible Riots The Bible was used in public schools and Catholic children were allowed to use the Catholic Bible A Protestant mob protested at an Irish Catholic neighborhood leading to riots Federal troops were brought in Fatalities and injuries resulted, and Catholic churches and homes were destroyed Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 12 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc What caused anti-Catholic sentiments in the U.S. to subside Slavery became the major issue Catholic and Protestant soldiers fighting together for the Union during the Civil War Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 13 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc How did religious diversity increase following the Civil War? Former slaves became Protestants Native Americans were recruited Ethnic immigrants created diverse churches: German Lutherans Polish Catholics Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 14 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Did increasing numbers of non-Christians cause anti-Catholic prejudice to diminish Protestant leaders called for tolerance but regarded their faith as better Ku Klux Klan revived in 1915 promoting Racial bigotry Anti-Catholicism Anti-Semitism Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 15 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc How did the 1928 election demonstrate anti-Catholic prejudice Protestant ministers spoke from the pulpit to oppose the Catholic nominee of the Democratic party, Al Smith Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 16 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc What non-Christian religions were included among immigrants Jews immigrated from Eastern Europe: Orthodox Jews were the largest group of religious Jews Secular Jews were the most numerous Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 17 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc In what ways was anti-Semitism promoted • Colleges established admissions quotas for Jewish Students • Popular figures like Henry Ford and Father Coughlin engaged in anti-Semitic activities Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 18 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc What influence did the Holocaust have on American attitudes • Images of emaciated victims and mass graves horrified Americans • Movies and the press addressed and denounced anti-Semitism Can you think of examples? Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 19 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc What were the consequences of the reform of American immigration laws • Increased religious diversity (e.g., Muslims, Hindus, and Buddhists) • backlash of suspicion that all “foreigners” are terrorists • Vandalism, arson, physical assaults and murders resulted Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 20 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Backlash against Muslims Muslims are the largest religious minority in the U.S. • 75% have encountered anti-Muslim behavior directly or indirectly • 8,000 Muslims interrogated after 9/11 • 1,200 incarcerated (600 released after two months) Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 21 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc How have schools taught students about the concept of religious freedom • Protestant bias until mid-20th century in public schools • Courts made rulings to create more secular public schools with neutrality toward religions Can you think of an example? Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 22 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc How can public schools teach about religion in a way that respects all religions Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 23 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Schools Can allow non disruptive individual prayer SCHOOLS CAN’T require prayers in school, graduation prayers, the Pledge of Allegiance, or devotional readings Schools Can allow access to Christian and other religious groups SCHOOLS CAN’T post the Ten Commandments or other religious symbols Schools Can teach about world religions SCHOOLS CAN’T teach “creationism” or “intelligent design” as science Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 24 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Understanding Human Differences 3rd Edition - Koppelman Chapter 6 - 25 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc