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Nanophotonics Prof. Albert Polman Center for Nanophotonics FOM-Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam Debye Institute, Utrecht University Nanophotonics: defined by its applications • • • • • • • • • • • communications technology lasers solid-state lighting data storage lithography (bio-)sensors optical computers solar cells light-activated medical therapies displays smart materials Kenniseconomie Large interest from industry in fundamental research on nanophotonics Nanophotonics is a unique part of physics/chemistry/materials science because it combines a wealth of scientific challenges with a large variety of near-term applications. Decreasing length scales in photonics km m mm nm Optical fiber kern mantel bescherming Silica fiber transparent at 1.55 m 1012 Hz 1.3 m 1.55 m Optical fiber: long distance communication Planar optical waveguide high index low index Si 1 mm Photonic integrated circuits on silicon SiO2/Al2O3/SiO2/Si 1 mm Al2O3 technology by M.K. Smit et al., TUD Optical clock distribution on a Si microprocessor Photonics on silicon Intel Website Computer interconnects hierarchy Mihail M. Sigalas, Agilent Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA http://www.ima.umn.edu/industrial/2002-2003/sigalas/sigalas.pdf The world’s smallest erbium-doped optical amplifier 1.53 m signal, 1.48 m pump, 10 mW, gain: 2.3 dB Waveguide spiral size: 1 mm2 minimum bending radius > 50 m erbium Lanthanide ions as optical dopants H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr La3+: [Xe] 4f n n=1-14 ….4f n 5s2 5p6 Erbium transition at 1.5 m The world’s smallest erbium-doped optical amplifier 1.53 m signal, 1.48 m pump, 10 mW, gain: 2.3 dB Waveguide spiral size: 1 mm2 minimum bending radius > 50 m erbium From a prototype to a 40 M$ company … Symmorphix Sunnyvale CA, USA Nanophotonics examples (1) Surface plasmon polaritons Nanocavities n=1.5 Nanoscale energy transfer 600nm Field confinement in metal nanoparticle array Nanophotonics examples (2) W.L. Vos Trapping light in 1 m photonic crystals Anomalous transmission through nanohole arrays M. Verschuuren 4 m Photonic nanowires J. Gomez Rivas Plasmonic solar cells K. Kuipers Nanophotonics science fiction What will you learn in this class?! 1) Theory of nanophotonics 2) Applications of nanophotonics 3) Nanophotonics fabrication techniques 4) New developments in science and technology 5) Presentation skills Class schedule Sept. 5 Sept. 12 Sept. 19 Sept. 26 Oct. 3 Oct. 10 Oct. 17 Class 1 - Resonances and refractive index Class 2 - Nanoparticle scattering Class 3 - Surface plasmon polaritons Tour through Ornstein Lab No class / homework assistance Class 4 - Photonic crystals 13.00-15.00 hr. Class 5 - Local density of optical states 16.00 hr. Debye Lecture “Nanobiophotonics” Oct. 24 No class Oct. 31 Excursion to AMOLF-Amsterdam Nov. 7 Class 6 – Rare earth ions and quantum dots Nov. 14 Class 7 - Microcavities Nov. 18 (Tuesday) Visit to Nanoned conference Nov. 21 No class Nov. 28 Class 8 - Near field optics Dec. 5 Class 9 - Nanophotovoltaics Dec. 12 Excursion to Philips Research- Eindhoven Dec. 19 Class 10 - Metamaterials Christmas break Jan. 9 Class 11 – Transformation optics Jan. 16 Nanophotonics summary Jan. 23 Closing symposium Fabrication technology: • Thin film deposition • Clean room fabrication technology • Lithography • Focused ion beam milling • Colloidal self-assembly • Bio-templating Characterization technology: • • • • • Photoluminescence spectroscopy Optical absorption/extinction spectroscopy Near-field microscopy Cathodoluminescence imaging spectroscopy Pump-probe spectroscopy Practical training at Debye Institute & FOM-Institute AMOLF Weekly schedule • Nanophotonics fundamentals • Fabrication technology • Characterization principles / techniques • Application example • News of the week • Paper/homework presentations • Excursions/labtours Albert Polman E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.erbium.nl/nanophotonics Course grading No final examination Grades are determined by: Homework: Paper presentation 1: Paper presentation 2: Participation in class: 60 % 10% 15% 5% Homework must he handed in on Friday. No exceptions! Homework grade: average of (all homework – worst made) Use help by teaching assistants! Course time 11.00-13.00 Absence: must be notified Resonances and optical constants of dielectrics: basic light-matter interaction Dielectric materials: All charges are attached to specific atoms or molecules Response to an electric field E: Microscopic displacement of charges P 0 E 0 1E Macroscopic material properties: electric susceptibility , dielectric constant (or relative dielectric permittivity) Maxwell’s equations in a medium E 1 0 P H 0 E P H 0 J t t H E 0 t leading to wave equation: 1 2E 2P J E 2 2 0 2 0 c t t t 2 c 1 0 0 2 2 1 E P J 2 E 2 2 0 2 0 c t t t • Solution in vacuum (P = J = 0): E E0e i (kr t ) k 2 c • In dielectric material (J = 0): Consider response of electrons bound to atom nuclei: P Nex Equation of motion of electron: d 2x dx m 2 m kx eE dt dt : damping coefficient for given material k: restoring-force constant resonance frequency 0 k / m assume E is varying harmonically, and also x x0eit Ne 2 / m P Nex 2 E 2 0 i inserting P in wave equation gives 2 1 Ne 2 E 2 1 c m 0 2E 1 2 2 2 0 i t solution: E E0ei ( k z z t ) with complex propagation constant kz = + iα : 2 2 Ne k z2 1 c m 0 1 2 2 0 i z i ( z t ) E E0e e kz 2 n c and therefore: So that we find the refractive index of the dielectric: 2 Ne 2 n 1 m 0 1 2 2 0 i multiple resonances wj for Z electrons per molecule: 2 fj Ne 2 n 1 m 0 j 2j 2 i j f n c k z i Z j Where fj is the oscillator strength or (quantum mechanically) the transition probability N is a complex number: j