Transcript Wind Intro - Welcome to Ken Klemow's Home Page

Wind Energy
Developed and presented by Ed Shoener
To Wilkes University FYF 101J
19 November 2007
Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source
in the World!!
Top 10 Countries - Installed Wind Capcity (2005)
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
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12,000
Why such growth…costs!
1979: 40 cents/kWh
2000:
4-6
cents/kWh
• Increased
Turbine Size
• R&D Advances
• Manufacturing
Improvements
NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm
4 cents/kWh (unsubsidized)
2004:
3 – 4.5 cents/kWh
Elegant Power Source
Need to Change Perceptions…
Modern Windmills
Types of Electricity Generating Windmills
Small (10 kW)
• Homes
• Farms
• Remote Applications
(e.g. water pumping,
telecom sites,
icemaking)
Intermediate
(10-250 kW)
• Village Power
• Hybrid Systems
• Distributed Power
Large (250 kW - 2+MW)
• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
Modern Small Wind Turbines:
High Tech, High Reliability, Low Maintenance
• Technically Advanced
• Only 2-3 Moving Parts
• Very Low Maintenance
Requirements
• Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Grid
• American Companies are
the Market and
Technology Leaders
10 kW
50
kW
400 W
900 W
(Not to scale)
10 kW Wind Turbine
24 m (80 ft)
GuyedTower
Safety
Switch
Cummulative
Production
Meter
Power
AC Load
Processing
Center
Unit (Inverter)
Large Wind Turbines
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
328’ base to blade
Each blade 125’
Span greater than 747
163.3 tons total
Foundation 20’ deep
Rated at 1.5 to 3.0
megawatt
Supply at least 350 homes
Connected to Regional Power Grid
Wind Farms
Windfarm 2
Off-Shore Windfarms
Denmark
Wind Power Today:
Relative Height
Empire
State
1250’
381 m
Eiffel
Tower
986’
301 m
Umass
Library
297’
90 m
28 stories
Relative height
of tall human
structures
1.5 MW
Medium
Farm
Turbine
Turbine
Turbine
356’
212’
142’
109 m
65 m
43 m
--------------examples -------------------
Wind Turbine Technology
North Wind HR3
rating: 3 kW
rotor: 5 m
hub height: 15 m
North Wind 100
rating 100 kW
rotor: 19.1 m
hub height: 25 m
Lagerwey LW58
rating: 750 kW
rotor: 58 m
hub height: 65 m
Enercon E-66
rating: 1800 kW
rotor: 70 m
hub height: 85 m
Enercon E-112
rating: 4000 kW
rotor: 112 m
hub height: 100
m
Boeing 747
wing span: 69.8m
length: 73.5 m
Comparative Scale for a Range of Wind
Turbines
Why do windmills need to be high in the sky??
Potential of Wind Energy
Wind Potential
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
U.S. Department of Energy
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Source: AWEA
Source: U.S. DOE
State
North Dakota
Texas
Kansas
South Dakota
Montana
Nebraska
Wyoming
Oklahoma
Minnesota
Iowa
Colorado
New Mexico
Idaho
Michigan
New York
Illinois
California
World Class Wind Potential
Germany’s Potential: 100 GW
North Dakota’s Potential: 250 GW
3
April6E&W.ppt
Key Environmental
Issues facing Wind
Power
Photosimulation
of Wind Plant
Actual
Wind Plant
Impacts of Wind Power:
Noise
• Modern turbines are
•
relatively quiet
Rule of thumb – stay
about 3x hub-height away
from houses
BATS
• Bat fatalities have been reported at nearly all wind energy facilities in the U.S. and
annual mortality has been estimated to vary from <2 to nearly 50 bats/turbine/year.
• Current evidence suggests that bat mortality appears to be highest in or near forests,
especially along ridge tops, moderate in open areas close to forest in the Midwest, and
lowest in open grassland or farmland away from forests.
• No endangered species of bat has yet been found and reported killed at a wind farm
in the continental United States.
• Many of the bats involved in collisions with wind turbines were apparently migrating.
• About seven species of bats have been documented to collide with wind turbines.
• Bats involved are primarily common, tree-dwelling bats with widespread geographic
distributions.
• Bat fatality at wind turbines is largely understudied; to date, only 12 studies have
been conducted in the U.S. Numerous information gaps remain and warrant
investigation. Only one refereed journal article on bat mortality at turbines has been
published.
BIRDS
• Birds occasionally collide with wind turbines, as they do
•
•
•
with other tall structures such as buildings.
Avian deaths have become a concern at Altamont Pass in
California, which is an area of extensive wind
development and also high year-round raptor use.
Detailed studies, and monitoring following construction,
at other wind development areas indicate that this is a
site-specific issue that will not be a problem at most
potential wind sites.
Wind's overall impact on birds is low compared with
other human-related sources of avian mortality
Habitat Fragmentation
• Wind energy can also negatively impact birds and other
wildlife by fragmenting habitat
• Installation and operation of wind turbines themselves
and through the roads and power lines that may be
needed.
• This has been raised as an issue in areas with unbroken
stretches of prairie grasslands or of forests.
• More research is needed to better understand these
impacts.
• Design and locate projects to minimize fragmentation
Environmental Benefits
Generating power without air or water pollution
Wind farms generate clean, renewable energy without the
environmental or health risks of other energy sources, such as coal and
oil.
Reducing harmful fossil fuel emissions
Power produced from wind has zero emissions. Wind power has the
potential to produce three times the total electricity generated in the
U.S. today, while emitting no pollutants into the environment
Conserving valuable water resources
Wind energy uses no water in energy production and emits no mercury,
a leading cause of contamination of our rivers, lakes, and oceans from
conventional electricity production.
Preserving local lands
Wind farms enable local property owners to maintain the current use of
their land, such as farming, grazing, or logging, while creating a new
source of clean energy.
Reducing health risks
By offsetting the need for fossil-fueled generation, wind energy helps
decrease the harmful health impact on humans from particulates and
pollutants in the atmosphere, urban smog, and toxic heavy metals
found in fish.