Wind Energy Richard Lawrence & Joe Rand RE/EE Education Conference HVCC, 3/18/08 What is KidWind? The KidWind Project is a team of teachers, students, engineers.
Download ReportTranscript Wind Energy Richard Lawrence & Joe Rand RE/EE Education Conference HVCC, 3/18/08 What is KidWind? The KidWind Project is a team of teachers, students, engineers.
Wind Energy Richard Lawrence & Joe Rand RE/EE Education Conference HVCC, 3/18/08 What is KidWind? The KidWind Project is a team of teachers, students, engineers and practitioners exploring the science behind wind energy in classrooms around the US. Our goal is to introduce as many people as possible to the elegance of wind power through hands-on science activities which are challenging, engaging and teach basic science principles. KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org Slide Show Thanks!!! This slide show is a conglomeration of many different slide shows and some additions and editing by KidWind. Some major contribution to the slide show are from Sally Wright, NREL, Randy Brown, Southwest Windpower, General Electric, Bergey Windpower and many, many others. Feel free to adapt and use for educational purposes as the goal of this project is to get the word out! Why Wind Education in K-12 ? • Students learn science/math standards – Lessons are completely scalable from elementary through college level • Addresses myths regarding wind energy – Improves the local understanding of wind energy – Provides a bulwark against misunderstandings and fictional problems with wind energy • Encourages higher interest in Science and Math – Science/Math activities with “larger social purpose” • Students learn about jobs/careers in wind industry, as well as opportunities for further training Students have a blast! (and learn a lot too) You can teach many Learning Standards • Concept #1 - Identify and explain the • role of alternative energy sources and their conversion for use in society. • Concept #2 - Give examples of how energy can be transferred from one • form to another. • Concept #3 - Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy. Identify situations where kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy and• vice versa. • Concept #4 - Explain and utilize the steps of the engineering design process including the use of methods for representing solutions to a design problem. Recognize the parallel nature of the scientific method and the engineering design process. Concept #5 - Identify and map aspects of the earth’s surface that would be applicable to engineering alternative energy conversion systems Concept #10 - Explain the way in which an electromagnet can be used to convert forms of energy into electrical energy harnessed in a circuit And MANY, MANY MORE…! Lots of Solar & Car Activities Before KidWind, wind education kits were expensive and not very useful… $99 ??!! $350 $200 ??!! $800 BEST DEAL $150… Yippee!! Typical Wind Lessons (Before KidWind) •Beaufort Scale •Pinwheels •Student Reports •Discussion Activity All very interesting but very little of the science and technology related to the current wind industry is presented. In fact most text books are pretty negative about the future of wind and misrepresent the technology miserably. Elementary • • • • Engineering is Elementary Wind Chimes Wind Art Building simple blades Middle balloon ~3m streamers Kite or balloon string • Building Wind Turbines • Testing Blade Parameters • Assessing Wind Resource • Mathematics • Advanced Blade Design • School Siting Projects • Data Analysis • Build Model (or full scale!) wind turbines Secondary Blade Design There are lots of exciting career possibilities • Developers • Turbine Technicians • Manufacturing • Sales & Marketing • Utility Engineers • Geophysical Engineers • Concrete/Structural Engineering • Turbine Engineering (ME/EE/Aerospace) • Site/Civil Engineering • Microelectronic/Computer Programming • Business Expertise (Financial) • Legal Expertise • Meteorologists History of Wind Energy, Types of Turbines, and Applications of Wind Energy “Windmills have fascinated us for centuries and will continue to do so. Like campfires or falling water, they’re mesmerizing; indeed, entrancing.” Paul Gipe, Wind Power for Home, Farm, & Business Basic Nomenclature Wind Machine – Kinetic device used to capture the wind and put it to work Wind System – Wind machine, tower, and all ancillary equipment Windmill – Wind machine that generates mechanical motion (ie. water pumping, grain grinding, etc.) Wind Turbine – A device that produces electricity from the kinetic energy of wind Wind Energy has been Popular for a long time The pilgrims arrived under the power of wind. Cape Cod was home to the first windmill in America. Wind helped fuel our country’s early economy. Fighting windmills also has a long history! Don Quixote fighting “Giants” Early “WINDMILL” in Afghanistan (900AD) Dutch Style Windmills used for 100s of years across the World Water Pumping Windmills helped settle the American West Early Electric Wind Turbines helped Electrify Remote Farms in the early 1900’s Birth of the Modern Wind Turbine Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW Turbine Vermont, 1940's California Wind Turbines 1980’s Wind is Fastest Growing Energy Source US Installed Wind Capacity Drivers for Wind Power Rising Fuel Price and Uncertainty Declining Wind Costs Federal and State Policies & Incentives Local Economic Development Environmental Stewardship Energy Security Consumer Demand Two 800 Pound Gorillas Climate Crisis Oil Crisis Two major issues that our students are being left to deal with Climate Crisis Oil Crisis Need to Change Perceptions… US Capacity is Growing in fits and starts Compared to Germany KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U.S. Department of Energy Wind Potential Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Source: AWEA Source: U.S. DOE State North Dakota Texas Kansas South Dakota Montana Nebraska Wyoming Oklahoma Minnesota Iowa Colorado New Mexico Idaho Michigan New York Illinois California World Class Wind Potential Germany’s Potential: 100 GW North Dakota’s Potential: 250 GW 3 April6E&W.ppt Types of Wind Turbines Today Small Medium • Homes & Farms • Remote Applications $5,000-$50,000+ • Village Power • Hybrid Systems • Distributed Power $80,000-$500,000 20-150 ft. diameter 2-20 ft. diameter 10 kW 10-250 kW Large (250 kW – 5 MW) • Central Station Wind Farms • Distributed Power $750,000 - $3,000,000 (per turbine) 150 – 300 ft. diameter Small & Medium Turbines Micro <1.25 m (4 ft) rotor diameter Mini / Cabin-size 1-3 m (3-10 ft) rotor diameter Household 4-10 m (13-33 ft) rotor diameter Medium 10-60 m (33-200 ft) rotor diameter US Small Wind Manufacturers Bergey, Oklahoma Southwest, Arizona Abundant Renewable Energy (ARE), Oregon Medium & Large Wind Turbines Hub height : – 160’ - 260’ Blade tip height: – 240’ - 390’ US Large Wind Manufactures General Electric Clipper Wind Turbine Perspective Workers Blade 112’ long Nacelle 56 tons Tower 3 sections Wide Sweep 231 ft. 211 ft. Turbine Technology Orientation Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on the orientation of the rotor Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis Lift vs Drag VAWTs Lift Device “Darrieus” – Low solidity, aerofoil blades – More efficient than drag device Drag Device “Savonius” – High solidity, cup shapes are pushed by the wind – At best can capture only 15% of wind energy VAWT’s have not been commercially successful, yet… Every few years a new company comes along promising a revolutionary breakthrough in wind turbine design that is low cost, outperforms anything else on the market, and overcomes all of the previous problems with VAWT’s. They can also usually be installed on a roof or in a city where wind is poor. WindStor WindTree Mag-Wind Wind Wandler Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines Rotors are usually Up-wind of tower Some machines have down-wind rotors, but only commercially available ones are small turbines Inside a Wind Turbine Airfoil Nomenclature wind turbines use the same aerodynamic principals as aircraft Active & Passive Yaw Active Yaw (all medium & large turbines produced today, & some small turbines from Europe) – Anemometer on nacelle tells controller which way to point rotor into the wind – Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor into wind Passive Yaw (Most small turbines) – Wind forces alone direct rotor Tail vanes Downwind turbines Pitch Control vs. Stall Control Pitch Control – Blades rotate out of the wind when wind speed becomes too great Stall Control – Blades are at a fixed pitch that starts to stall when wind speed is too great – Pitch can be adjusted for particular location’s wind regime Active Stall Control – Many larger turbines today have active pitch control that turns the blades towards stall when wind speeds are too great Rotor Controls Micro Turbines – May not have any controls – Blade flutter Small Turbines – Furling (upwind) – rotor moves to reduce frontal area facing wind – Coning (downwind) – rotor blades come to a sharper cone – Passive pitch governors – blades pitch out of wind Medium Turbines – Aerodynamic Stall – Mechanical Brakes – Aerodynamic Brakes “The rotor is the single most critical element of any wind turbine… How a wind turbine controls the forces acting on the rotor, particularly in high winds, is of the utmost importance to the long-term, reliable function of any wind turbine.” Paul Gipe What is Wind Power Used For? Wind Turbine Applications Generating electricity at Remote Sites Producing electricity in parallel with utility Water Pumping Electricity for Remote Sites North American Farms in 30’s & 40’s Backcountry homes/cabins Research Stations Telecommunications Boats & RV’s Nomadic people Cathodic protection … Hybrid Systems & Rural Electrification Merchant Electricity Generation Net Metering Wind Farms Offshore Wind How Wind Works Wind energy is created by uneven heating of the earth’s surface. Coriolis Effect Global “Geostrophic” Winds Land-Sea Breezes Land-sea breezes created by temperature differentials Winds also stronger near shore because of long unobstructed fetch Sea breezes typically strongest in late afternoon Valley Breeze Mountain Breeze Mountain-Valley Breezes Typically strongest in summer Nighttime mountain breezes are stronger than daytime valley breezes Mountain-valley winds can be enhanced by prevailing winds and convective flow between interior and coasts Where is the Wind? http://truewind.teamcamelot.com/ne/ Anemometers measure wind speeds Wind Rose Wind Varies Annually Average annual wind speeds may vary as much as 25% from year to year Wind Varies Seasonally Wind Varies Daily Wind varies daily not only because of weather but because of convective heating Winds typically strongest in mid-late afternoon Convective heating is less of an influence in winter, when storms dominate wind patterns Wind Varies Instantaneously Power in the Wind Kinetic Energy in the Wind 2 Kinetic Energy = Work = ½mV Where: M= mass of moving object V = velocity of moving object What is the mass of moving air? = density (ρ) x volume (Area x distance) =ρxAxd = (kg/m3) (m2) (m) = kg A V d Calculation of Wind Power Power in the wind = ½ A V3 – Effect of air density, – Effect of swept area, A – Effect of wind speed, V Swept Area: A = πR2 Area of the circle swept by the rotor (m2). R Importance of Rotor Diameter Swept are is proportional to square of the rotor diameter 20% increase in rotor diameter increases area by 44% Doubling diameter increases area 4 times Importance of Wind Speed No other factor is more important to the amount of power available in the wind than the speed of the wind Power is a cubic function of wind speed VXVXV 20% increase in wind speed means 73% more power Doubling wind speed means 8 times more power Importance of Distribution “Because speed distribution plays such an important role in determining power, it’s always preferable to use an actual measured distribution.” Paul Gipe, Wind Power Wind Speed & Height Higher means stronger, smoother wind “Micro-Siting” Turbulence Top View Side View Environmental & Other Concerns about Wind Some Concerns about Wind (that can be addressed with proper information) Visual / Aesthetic Property Values Noise Birds Safety Are benefits real? We should not compare wind energy to no wind energy Visual Impact Many people think wind turbines are graceful, kinetic sculptures.” People who have never seen modern wind turbines in person are more likely to think they will be an eyesore. There are always people who complain about visual impacts before a project is built. Approval rates are higher after projects are built and in areas that already have turbines. Similar Structures Utility Poles Radio Towers Cell Phone Towers Water Towers Similar Structures Utility Poles Radio Towers Cell Phone Towers Water Towers Similar Structures Utility Poles Radio Towers Cell Phone Towers Water Towers Similar Structures Utility Poles Radio Towers Cell Phone Towers Water Towers Approval Rates Increase with Actual Exposure to Technology Do you support the presence of a wind turbine in close proximity to your home or school? 86% 90% 80% 70% 65% Support close proximity 60% Undecided 50% Oppose close proximity 40% 31% 30% 20% 10% 10% 5% 4% 0% 1 Percentage of Respondents Wind Art celebrating the beauty of wind Mark Beasley Vermont Wind – Sabra Field Quilt by Kathie Alyce Power Plant by Alekxander Rodic What about the birds? Wind Turbines kill very few birds compared to other human activities Estimates are ~1-2 bird deaths per turbine per year Global warming is the single biggest threat to wildlife today A recent study in Nature found that more than 1/3 of species worldwide will be extinct by 2050 if global warming trends continue “As responsible citizens, stewards, and advocates, Mass Audubon strongly supports public policies and private projects that advance energy conservation and efficiency. We also support the development of wind farms, as a renewable energy source to offset the effects of global climate change produced by the burning of fossil fuels.” Sept. 21, 2004 Global Warming No longer credibly questioned 10 warmest years on record have occurred since 1987. Departure from Average Temperature Bird deaths in perspective Avian Deat hs Per Year 500 Glass Windows 174 Elect ric Transmission Line Collisions House cat s 100 100 Hunt ing 75 Aut omobiles 1 67 Agricult ure 7 Communicat ion Towers 1.5 Oil and Gas Ext ract ion 0 0.001 Elect rocut ion 0.000809106 Wind Turbines 100 200 300 400 Annual Bird Deaths (Millions) 500 600 Turbines are noisy, right? Older wind turbines are louder. Newer machines turn slower and are much quieter It is possible to hold a quiet conversation at the base of a modern wind turbine Go to MMA or Hull and listen! Do wind farms impact tourism and property values? Yes -- Positively. There is NO evidence from existing wind facilities anywhere in the world (including locations very similar to Cape Cod that have offshore turbines) that wind turbines have a negative impact on property values or tourism. In fact, the majority of studies conducted after wind farms have been built show that both tourism and property values increase! Are Wind Turbines Unsafe? Not a single passerby has ever been injured by wind turbines There have been no collisions with turbines by any type of vehicle Ice shedding is very rare – When it occurs Ice falls near base of turbine -- not thrown far distances Only one member of the public has been killed by a wind turbine (a German parachutist on her first solo jump) Wind turbine at Exhibition Place, Downtown Toronto Are the benefits real? Back up Power? – Turbines do not require any new back up generation or spinning reserves. Emission reductions? – Wind energy is accepted on the grid before any other source when it is available, offsetting the need for more polluting sources. Each MWh of wind is one less MWh of electricity from a fossil fuel plant Economics? – Wind provides long-term price stability and is competitive with today’s energy costs. Economic benefit is realized by whoever buys (and sells) the power. Economics & Jobs Does Small Wind Energy Pay? Does wind energy have to pay for itself? – We often buy items of equivalent cost that provide no monetary value, and often cost money to use – Off grid customers are looking for least cost option (connect to grid, diesel generator, solar/wind hybrid, etc..) Comparing initial costs is not useful – Wind has no fuel cost – Generators are cheaper per kW, but not necessarily cheaper at producing energy over the entire life “You’re paying for a wind machine whether you want to or not, every time you mail your check to the utility.” – Mike Bergey Economic Factors Installed Cost Operation & Maintenance – Typically ~ 1 cent per kWh Financing – (equivalent to lost interest if paying cash) Insurance Taxes Revenues: Savings & Sales – – – – Savings worth more value because not taxed Sales may generate taxable income REC’s may be able to be sold Must account for rising cost of electricity as it compares to inflation Economic Incentives Tax Credits Tax Exemptions Rebates Production Incentives & Rebates Accelerated Depreciation Grants & Loans Net Metering Arrangements www.dsireusa.org www.masstech.org Growing Economies of Scale Rotor (Meter) KW Total Cost Cost/kW MWh 1981 10 25 $65,000 $2,600 45 1985 1990 1996 17 27 40 100 225 550 $165,000 $300,000 $580,000 $1,650 $1,333 $1,050 220 550 1,480 1999 2001 50 70 750 1,500 $730,000 $1,300,000 $950 $790 2,200 5,600 Larger turbines are more cost effective per kW. But the value of each kWh depends on whether it is used behind the meter (12-15 ¢/kWh )or sold to the grid (3-5¢/kWh). Case Studies Cape Cod Regional Technical School – 1.5 kW Upper Cape Tech – 10 kW Massachusetts Maritime Academy – 660 kW Hull Wind 2 – 1.8 MW Cape Cod Regional Technical School African Windpower AWP 3.6 Turbine (installed June 2005) • 1.5 kW capacity • ~250-350 kWh/month (about half of an average household’s demand) 127 foot, tilt-up, guy-wired tower SMA WindyBoy Inverter Installed as an educational tool (It’s a demonstration of small wind energy technology, not necessarily an example of what to do) Upper Cape Tech Aircon 10 turbine • 10 kW capacity • ~1250-1750 kWh/month (2½ - 3 times an average household’s demand) Freestanding, tubular, counterbalancing tower 2 SMA WindyBoy Inverters Cape Tech UCT Design & Permitting $1,500 $1,500 Turbine $3,350 $36,000 Tower $8,550 $20,000 Installation $10,000 $13,000 Installed Cost $22,400 $70,000 $5,825 $50,000 $16,575 $20,000 300 kWh/m 1500 kWh/m $792 $3,960 21 years 5 years Rebate from MTC* Cost to School Expected Output Savings/year@22¢/kWh Simple Payback * Rebate structure improved from Cape Tech to UCT example; rebate will be different for other applications, and additional incentives may be available. --All prices are provided for example only – actual prices may vary-- Massachusetts Maritime Academy V47 Total cost = $1.4M Estimated CF = 25%; 1,461,746 kWh/year 82% used on Campus @ $0.18 18% to grid @ $0.06 Simple Payback without RECs = 7.5 years Assuming RECs at $.05 per kWh, Simple Payback = 5.5 years Hull Wind 2 1.8 mW Vestas V80 wind turbine Second wind turbine in Hull – 1st was Vestas V47, 660 kW Tower height: 60 meters (190’) – Located on 20 meter tall landfill Blade length: 40 meters (130’) Turbine blade rotor diameter: 80 meters (262’) Tip of blade to ground: 100 meters (328’) Hull 2 Costs Turbine & Tower only – ~ $1.8 million Total cost (incl. Foundation) – ~ $3.0 million Total cost/kW: $1,666 Generation cost, including assumed cost of capital and O&M cost: 5.6 cents/kwh Hull 2 Income Electricity Savings: 12.5cents/kWh – Savings to Hull by use of wind power instead of buying electricity from the grid: est. $550,000/yr Mass Renewable Energy Credits: 5.3cents/kWh Renewable Energy Production Incentive: 1.9 cents/kWh – Savings + RECs (@$40 mwh)+ REPI= est. $800,000/yr Annual savings will increase as cost of grid purchased power increases Payback (cost/savings): 5.9 years Payback (savings+RECs+REPI)= 3.75 years “Wind is a homegrown energy that we can harvest right along side our corn or soybeans or other crops. We can use the energy in our local communities or we can export it to other markets. We need to look carefully at wind energy as a source of economic growth for our region” David Benson, Farmer and County Commissioner, Nobles County, Minnesota Carpe Ventum! The KidWind Project www.kidwind.org Joe Rand [email protected] Richard Lawrence [email protected]