Transcript Advanced English for Science Students

Session 6 The Mental Lexicon
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Word association (WA) tests
Comparing the L1 and L2 mental lexicons
Pedagogic implications
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Word Association Test
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Word associations (English)
Prompt Word
Associative word
Relationship
green
water
open
hill
butterfly
truth
powerful
blanket
inclination
hockey
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Looking at your word associates
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Do you have the same word associates as your
neighbours’?
Compared to your neighbours’ responses, do
you have similar or different ways of ogranising
words in your mental lexicons?
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Word association and the mental
lexicon
Cognitive processes -- how words and meanings
are organized mentally (unobservable)
◄=►
Language associative behavior (observable)
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Word Associations
green
Grass (collocation)
Red (co-ordination)
Color (super-ordination)
water
Drink (collocation)
Melon (compound noun)
Clear (collocation)
open
Close (antonym)
Door (collocation)
inclination
Information (sound – stress pattern)
Intonation
hockey
Jockey (sound - rhyme)
How words are stored in the mental lexicon
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L1 / L2 equivalence (cognates in related languages)
Orthographically
Phonologically (rhyme, alliteration, stress pattern, etc.)
Semantically (synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms e.g. color red)
Collocationally (e.g. make – a wish, catch – a bus)
Morphologically (e.g. defensive-offensive; televisiontelescope)
Encyclopedic associations (based on our knowledge /
experience of the real world)
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Meanings of words
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Meanings of words are often understood in
relation to other words (like a web)
e.g. you understand the meaning of ‘cold’ through
your understanding of ‘hot’
 e.g. you understand the meaning of ‘roses’ through
your understanding of ‘garden’, ‘flowers’ or ‘lilies’
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Word Associations and Language Proficiency
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How words are organised / stored in the brain is
an indicator of language proficiency level
Or how “native-like” you are
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Paradigmatic associations
Always belong to the same word class
 Substitutable in syntactic strings
 More semantics-oriented
 E.g. I want to get a doggie for my daughter.
pet
Terrier
cat
wombat
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Syntagmatic associations
Usually belong to a different word class, but sometimes can belong to the same word class
Collocate well with prompt words in a grammatical string
 More grammar-oriented
 E.g. Dogs bark.
E.g. Walk the dog.
E.g. Dog collar
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Phonological associations / Clangs
E.g. dog - fog
E.g. hockey - hockey
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L1 mental lexicon
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Phonological
Syntagmatic
(developmental)
( younger children
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Paradigmatic
older children )
Commonness / Homogeneity in the their mental
lexicons (native speakers tend to give the same
word associates)
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e.g. blanket: bed, warm, sheet, electric, cover, warmth,
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wool, soft, bath, snow
Mean proportion of NNS and NS
response types for WA (Wolter, 2001)
60
50
40
30
NNS
NS
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10
0
Para
Syntag
Phono
No
response
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L2 mental lexicon similar to
L1 mental lexicon
Earlier studies found NS had more paradigmatic
associations than NNS. But later studies (e.g.
Zareva, 2007) found the same shift in L2
learners, as they get more proficient in the
language, and as they grow older
Phonological
Syntagmatic
Paradigmatic
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L2 mental lexicon different from
L1 mental lexicon
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L2 acquisition usually takes place when there is
an already existing mental lexicon
Many of the meanings and meaning hierarchies that
have already been internalized in the acquisition of
the course of L1 development will be re-applicable
in learners’ L2
 Positive / negative influence from L1 lexicon
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Connections between words in mental lexicon
of L2 learners are more loosely connected and
less consistent than those of the L1 learners
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Looking at your word associates
1.
What kinds of associations do you have most
(phonological, syntagmatic, paradigmatic) in
your WA tests?
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Pedagogical Implications
Developmental/ cognitive aspect:
 Younger learners tend to favor syntagmatic
associations: dog-bark
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Older learners tend to favor/ are capable of
handling paradigmatic associations /
semantically-related groups e.g. synonyms,
antonyms, hyponyms: dog-cat or dog-pet
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Superordinates and Hyponyms
???
Lion
Tiger
Horse
Sports
???
???
???
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Semantically related input
Flat
Living room
Bedroom
Fridge
Kitchen
Bathroom
Utensils
Saucepan
Frying pan
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Memory
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Number of items to be presented each time
Memory loss
Number of exposures for learning to happen
Recycling (intervals, methods)
Memory strategies (the Keyword technique /
mental imaging / creating structure for input)
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Memory
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Number of items you can hold in your shortterm memory?
How many times do you need to encounter a
word before it is learnt?
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Word retention
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teach 8-12 vocabulary items in a 60-minute
lesson (Gairns & Redman, 1986)
The chances of learning and retaining a word
from one exposure is only 5-14% (Nagy, 1997)
5 – 16 times for a word to be learned (Zahar,
Cobb & Spada, 2001)
An important role for recycling (revisiting) of
the vocabulary learnt
Importance of Revision
Spaced / Distributed Repetition
Recycling vocabulary
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Can you think of ways of helping students
recycle vocabulary learnt previously other than
using quizzes?
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Recycling of vocabulary
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Horst & Meara (1999) – far more vocab is learnt if the same text
is read several times (the first reading focuses on understanding
meaning, while the later readings focus on the forms)
Following a piece of news for several days (word repetitions and
synonyms); encountering the same words in different contexts
Vocabulary quizzes
Different parts of speech (e.g. “shoulder” as a noun, and as a
verb)
Other meanings (polysemy) of a word (e.g. “head as a body part,
the school head, the department head, head of a queue)
Replacing general words by specific words (e.g. nice – attractive,
elegant, terrific)
Assignment
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Due Oct 28 (Mon)
Hard copy to Cecilia; soft copy on Turnitin
All students have been given the cover sheet as well as the
student Turnitin instructions.
Assignments must be within the word limit: 2500 words
excluding the reference list (+/-10% of the prescribed length).
Assignments that are too long or too short should not be read
and should be assigned a Fail grade. See page 7 of the Student
Handbook.
Assessment criteria on Course Website
Assignments that plagiarize are assigned a Fail grade. Please
paraphrase cited information in your own words and
acknowledge the sources.
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