Transcript Nutrition, Nutrient Excretion and Odor: Current and Future

Nutrient Management Planning
Alan Sutton
Department of Animal Sciences
1998 EPA Section 303(d) List
Top 15 Causes of Water Quality Impairment
Sediments
Nutrients
Pathogens
Dissolved Oxygen
Metals
Habitat
pH
Suspended Solids
Temperature
Flow Alterations
Pesticides
Noxious Plants
Turbidity
Fish Contamination
Ammonia
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
Percent of Waters Listed
14%
16%
18%
Nutrient Management:
What is it?
• Managing the amount, source, placement,
form and timing of application of nutrients
and soil amendments
– Budget and supply nutrients for crop production
– Properly utilize commercial fertilizers, animal
manures and other materials as crop nutrient
resources and soil amendments
– Minimize nutrient losses from fields to protect
surface and ground water resources
Nutrient Management Plan
Components (CNMPs)
• Site, field and soil
maps
– Identify sensitive areas
• Crop rotation
• Crop nutrient budget
– Realistic yield goals
• Records are best
– Appropriate fertilizer
recommendations
• Land grant universities
• Quantification of all
nutrient resources
– Commercial fertilizers
– Manures
• Planned nutrient
applications
– Time, rate and method
• Implementation,
operation and regular
maintenance plan
• Regular reviews
Problem Areas
• Over application of manure
• Excessive nutrients in rations
• Variable nutrient contents of manure
• Insufficient storage capacity
• Applications -- not uniform
• Applications -- Do you know how
much is applied?
• Conflicting regulations
Problem Areas
• Different soil testing methods
• Use of the Phosphorus Index
• Use of other soils evaluation
procedures
• Nutrient availability (mineralization)
rates
• Pathogen concerns???
“Whole Farm” Nutrient
Balances for
Livestock and Poultry Operations
Whole Farm Nutrient Balance on
Livestock and Poultry Operations
Balance the input nutrients from
feed, fertilizer, recycled manure
and other sources with animal and
plant nutrient needs for efficient
crop, meat, egg and milk
production
Whole Farm Nutrient Balance
Inputs
Gas Emissions
Feed
Managed
Outputs
Animals
Irrigation
Water
- Meat
Crops
Manure
Fertilizer
Legume N
- Crops
-Manure
Farm
Boundary
Nutrient
Imbalance
(inputs - managed outputs)
Correcting Whole Farm Nutrient
Balance
• Reduce feed nutrient imports
• Reduce fertilizer imports
• Export manure from farm
• Treat manure to reduce nutrients
Nutrient ratios in manure generally do
not meet crop nutrient requirements.
Approximate ratios of N, P2O5, and K2O needed for corn
and present in manure.
N
P2O5
K2O
Corn grain
3.0
1.0
1.0
Corn silage
2.0
1.0
2.0
Hog manure
1.0
1.0
1.0
Poultry manure
1.5
1.5
1.0
Impact of Diet on Land Application
Requirements
• Example Pork Operation
– 4,000 head grow-finisher
– 2.6 turns per year
– 120 day feeding period
– Requirement based diet (based on ASABE
384.2; NRC, 1998)
•
•
•
•
Average CP = 15.8%
Average P = 0.437%
Average feed intake = 2.35 kg/d (5.18 lb/d)
Average daily gain = 0.84 kg/d (1.85 lb/d)
Impact of Diet on Land Application
Requirements
• Scenarios
– Compare diets with combinations of different
crude protein levels (15.77%; 13.1%; 11.6%) and
total P levels (.437%; .369%; .30%)
– Assumed a 30% N loss during storage in a slurry
system
– Assumed that the availability of N in the slurry at
80% for the crop at the time of application
Impact of Diet on Land Application
Requirements
• Reducing the crude protein of the diet:
– 15.8% to 13.1% reduced N excretion 25%
– 15.8% to 11.6% reduced N excretion 40%
(assume use of synthetic amino acids)
• Reducing the total P of the diet:
– 0.437% to 0.369% reduced P excretion 25%
– 0.437% to 0.30% reduced P excretion 50%
(assume use of phytase and low phytate corn)
• Increasing total P 20% over requirement increases P
excretion 24.4%
Impact of Diet on Land Application Requirements
(as applied)
Diet
CP, %
P, %
Avail. Nutr. Applied
N, lb/yr P2O5, lb/yr
Ratio
N:P2O5
15.8
0.437
60,780
37,922
1.6:1(1.2:1)
15.8
0.369
60,780
28,359
2.1:1(1.6:1)
15.8
0.300
60,780
18,654
3.3:1(2.2:1)
13.1
0.437
45,314
37,922
1.2:1(0.9:1)
13.1
0.369
45,314
28,359
1.6:1(1.2:1)
13.1
11.6
0.300
0.437
45,314
36,326
18,654
37,922
2.4:1(1.7:1)
0.96:1(0.7:1)
11.6
0.369
36,326
28,359
1.3:1(0.97:1)
11.6
0.300
36,326
18,654
2.0:1(1.3:1)
Assume 30% storage N loss and 80% total available N at application
(commercial diet with 20% above NRC requirement for P)
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
requirements by crops
Crop
N,
lb/ac
P2O5,
lb/ac
Ratio
N:P2O5
Corn
Yield
potential,
bu/ac
176
183
65
2.8:1
Corn
143
139
53
2.6:1
Corn
115
101
43
2.3:1
Soybean
57
(220)
46
(4.8:1)
Soybean
46
(180)
37
(4.9:1)
Soybean
37
(140)
30
(4.6:1)
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
requirements of Corn-Soybean
2-year rotation
Yield
potential
N,
lb/ac
P2O5,
lb/ac
Ratio
N:P2O5
High
183
111
1.6:1
Medium
139
90
1.5:1
Low
101
73
1.4:1
Land Application Area Required (high yield)
Diet
CP, %
P, %
Application Acres
N-basis
P-basis Corn-Soybean
15.8
15.8
0.437
0.369
332
332
583
436
341
255
15.8
0.300
332
302
168
13.1
0.437
248
583
341
13.1
0.369
248
436
255
13.1
0.300
248
302
168
11.6
0.437
198
583
341
11.6
0.369
198
436
255
11.6
0.300
198
302
168
Assume 30% storage N loss and 80% total available N at application
(NRC requirements)
Land Application Area Required (high yield)
Diet
Application Acres
N-basis
P-basis Corn-Soybean
CP, %
P, %
15.8
0.546
332
771
451
15.8
0.461
332
578
339
15.8
0.375
332
417
244
13.1
0.546
248
771
451
13.1
0.461
248
578
339
13.1
11.6
0.375
0.546
248
198
417
771
244
451
11.6
0.461
198
578
339
11.6
0.375
198
417
244
Assume 30% storage N loss and 80% total available N at application
(commercial diet with 20% above NRC requirement)
EPA CAFO Rule Revision
• Duty to apply for those who discharge
or intend to discharge
• NMP open for public comment and
included in the permit
• New large swine, poultry and veal have
a zero discharge requirement
• Production area runoff must be stored
unless prove reduction in pollutants
• Best Current Technology for pathogen
control (fecal coliforms)
Software Websites
• Spatial Nutrient Management Planner
• http://www.cares.missouri.edu/snmp
• Manure Management Planner
• http://www.agry.purdue.edu/mmp