Transcript Slide 1
How did the European powers restore power in a
post-Napoleonic Era? (1815-1848)
How did new ideologies shape and transform
politics, economics, and society?
What was the Dual Revolution proposed by Eric
Hobsbawm?
Why did revolution occur in the 1820’s, 1830’s,
and 1848?
Why did the revolutionary surge of 1848 fail?
With the exception of Belgium and Greece?
1814-1815
Issues – boundaries, who
would rule each nation,
future of international
relations
FIVE MAJOR POWERS:
Austria, Prussia, Russia,
Britain, France
1773-1859
Austrian Diplomat (18091848)
Principal negotiator dominant member of the
Congress of Vienna
Shaped the post-Napoleonic
European order
Key Players at
Vienna
created by Susan Pojer
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh (Br.)
Tsar Alexander I
(Rus.)
The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick
William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles
Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)
What were the interests and
goals of each country?
Austria
Russia
Prussia
Great Britain
France ***
1. Compensation
restore lost territory, stable, secure borders
2. Legitimacy
“Restore” rightful monarchs
Louis XVIII Bourbon – France
3. Balance of Power
Military-political method to maintain the sovereignty of
European Nations “COLLECTIVE SECURITY”
WHAT ABOUT RELIGION?
Proposed by Tsar Alexander I (1801-1825)
September 1815
Russia, Prussia, Austria
Christian Union – “religion, peace, justice”
Metternich “a high sounding nothing”
Talleyrand “a ludicrous contract”
Castlereagh “peace of sublime mysticism an
nonsense”
LEGITIMACY OF STATES DEPENDED UPON THE
TREATY SYSTEM NOT DIVINE RIGHT
Quadruple Alliance was to last 20 years
Bourbons restored to France
France = borders reduced
Confederation of the Rhine (Germany) divided
among 39 states - no real central authority
The Netherlands and Belgium combined to serve
as a buffer state
Agreement to hold future congresses of the great
powers to resist revolution
Ideology – refers to a coherent set of beliefs
about the way the social and political order
should be organized
DUAL REVOLUTION – French / Industrial
Revolution
FRENCH REVOLUTION = Liberalism and
Nationalism, Reactionary Conservatism,
Feminism, Romanticism
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION = Socialism,
Communism, Reform, Revolts
French Revolution /
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Eric Hobsbawn (b. 1917)
Political and Economic
“The long 19th century”
Changes between 17891914
The political doctrine that
justified the restoration of
the monarchies
French Revolution = gov’t
could not be changed
overnight
Defense of the monarchy
the church, and the
aristocracy
Reaction to Liberalism & violence of the French
Revolution
Natural rights dangerous to social order
Order, society, state, faith, and tradition, status quo
Conservatives viewed history/politics as a continuum
NOT A CONTRACT
Political rights reserved to those in a position of
authority
“Burkean” distrust of rapid change - SLOW GRADUAL
POLITICAL CHANGE OVER TIME
Edmund Burke – Reflections of the Revolution in
France (1790)
Aspirations for national independence or
unification
Threatened multi-ethnic empires yet served as a
unifying force in Italy and Germany
Nations:
Common History
Historic geographical area
Common language
Common religion
Shared culture
Common enemies
Political Autonomy – Principle of Self-Determination
NATION-STATE – independent nation containing a
single nationality?
SUBJECT NATIONALITY - nationality subject to
the rule of a different people
Middle Ages – loyalty = church, city-state, province,
feudal lord
Absolutism – moderate nationalism
2008 = loyalty to the
monarch = Dynastic Nationalism
French Revolution – Intense Nationalism = transfer of
loyalty from monarch to nation
Origins – Spanish political party Liberales (1812)
Roots in the Enlightenment
France
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) – social
contract theory, “General Will”, Romanticism
Francios Guizot (1787-1874) – Conservative Liberal
England
John Locke (1632-1704) – natural rights, individual
civil liberties, social contract theory, limited gov’t,
the right to property
Adam Smith (1723-1790) – Economic Liberalism
Individual natural rights – religious freedom,
press, equality under the law, promotion by
merit
Constitutions – limitation of power
Formation of parliamentary bodies
Distrust of religious organizations = secular
state
Economic liberalism
Classical liberalism – rights for some – property
owners
CHALLENGES
Conservative, upper class
– “from above”?
Working class – “from
below”?
HOW TO CREATE ORDER
AND PROTECT CIVIL
LIBERTIES?
Religion?
Economic upheavals?
Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793)
The Declaration of the Rights of
Women and Female Citizen
(1791)
Mary Wollstonecraft ( 17591797)
The Vindication of the Rights of
Women (1792)
Roots in the Enlightenment = response to
pure rationalism
Reaction to the horrors and ugliness of the
French Revolution and the brutality of the
Industrial Revolution
(c. 1780-1830) expressed in literature, religion,
architecture, music, painting, poetry, and
philosophy
Revival of the Gothic
(medieval) style
Values emotion, religion,
spirituality, mysticism
Worship of nature, harmony
Interest in the past, history
Nationalism
Folklore, folksongs, folktales
Rousseau (d. 1778)
J.M.W. Turner (d. 1851)
Beethoven (d. 1827)
Mary Shelley (d. 1851)
Goethe (d. 1832)
Hegel (d. 1831)
Byron (d. 1824)
Wordsworth (d. 1850)
Casper David Friedrich (1818)
Wanderer Above the Sea Fog
HOMEWORK: Chose an example of
Romanticism, i.e. art, poetry, literature, music
One-page typed include the TITLE, CREATOR,
CHARACTERISTICS, VISUAL or AUDIO
Presentation to the class (20 POINTS)
Nebuchadnezzar (The Tate Britain version) by William
Blake (1795)
Working class can liberate society from the
control of a wealthy few
Response to the Industrial Revolution –
Capitalism – uneven distribution of wealth
Different types – Economic, State, Utopian
Gov’t controls the means of production Abolish
oppression – socially produced – socially owned
Cooperation not competition
No private property
KARL MARX (1818-1883)
Communist Manifesto (1848)
Marxism
Reaction to the Industrial
Revolution
Liberalism benefitted only the
“middle class”
Social Re-organization
“working class” –
impoverished, downtrodden
SO WHY DID REVOLUTION
OCCUR SHORTLY AFTER THE
MEETING OF THE
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
(1815)?
REVOLUTIONS OF 1820’s, 1830’s 1848
INDUSTRIALIZATION
Rapid Urbanization
INCREASE IN POPULATION
Doubled 18th century
IDEOLOGICAL CHANGES
Liberalism, Nationalism,
Democracy, Romanticism,
Socialism
1820’s
1820-1823 =
Spain, Sardinia,
Portugal, and
Greece
1825 = Russia
Limited success =
Portugal
Constitutional
Monarchy (1822)
1830’s
Belgium, France,
Poland, Italy
WHY DID
BELGIUM AND
GREECE SUCCEED?
KEY CONCEPT:
“BRAVE MEN DO
NOT WIN THEIR
FREEDOM
UNASSITED”
France,
Austria,
Prussia,
Italy
Metternich
driven into
exile (1848)
Overall =
failure
“1848 – A TURNING POINT IN HISTORY WHERE
HISTORY FAILED TO TURN”
- George M. Trevelyn (1937)
Did the Conservatives provide a lasting peace?
or
Did the Conservatives stifle Liberalism and
Nationalism?
Conservatives could not reverse ALL of the
reforms proposed by the French Revolution
Liberalism and Nationalism would continue to
challenge the conservative order
CHARTISM (1838-1848) Great
Britain
The Peoples Charter universal suffrage, secret
ballot, equal electoral
districts, annual elections,
elimination of property
qualifications, payment for
members of Parliament
Great Reform Bill “1832”
Conservatives would make concession in
order to stay in power
Although the revolutionaries of 1848 failed
to achieve their goals - politics and society
were profoundly changed
Class conflict could fuel as well as defeat a
revolution
End of the 19th century = Unification of Italy
and Germany
TRADITIONAL – lasting peace, no major war for
nearly a century (1914)?
REVISIONIST – principles of liberalism and
nationalism ignored?
Stifled growth, progress towards democracy,
revolutions of 1820’s, 1830’s, 1840’s crushed by
conservatives
1848 – “a turning point in history
where history failed to turn” Trevelyan
Congress System – Balance of
Power
BRAVE MEN DO NOT WIN THEIR
FREEDOM UNASSISTED
ISMS
A NEW TOUGHNESS OF MIND
REAL POLITIK = POWER POLITICS
NEO - MACHIAVELLI
“the end justifies the means”
Unification of Germany and Italy
WWI
WWII