Transcript Chapter 21
Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815 - 1850 Chapter 21 The Conservative Order (1815 – 1830) The Peace Settlement Quadruple Alliance: Great Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815) • The principal of legitimacy • A new balance of power Conservative Ideology From Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution of France Obedience to political authority Organized religion was crucial to social order Hated revolutionary upheavals Unwilling to accept liberal demands or representative government Europe after the Congress of Vienna Conservative Domination: The Concert of Europe The Concert of Europe - Congresses Quintuple Alliance Principle of intervention • Spain and Italy The Revolt of Latin America Bourbon monarchy of Spain toppled L. A.countries begin independence • Simón Bolivar (1783-1830) • José de San Martín (1778-1850) Britain began to dominate L. A. economy The Greek Revolt, 1821-1832 Intervention could support revolution as well Greek revolt in, 1820 Britain, France, Russia at war Treaty of Adrianople, 1829 Latin America in the early 9th Century Conservative Domination: The European States Great Britain: Rule of the Tories Landowning classes dominate Parliament Tory and Whig factions; Tories dominate Restoration in France Louis XVIII (r. 1814 – 1824) Ultraroyalists Intervention in the Italian States and Spain Conservative reaction against the forces of nationalism and liberalism Repression in Central Europe Metternich and forces of reaction Liberal and national movements in Germany Karlsbad Decrees (1819) Russia Rural, agricultural, and autocratic Alexander I (1801-1825) Nicholas I (1825-1855 The Balkans by 1830 Ideologies of Change Liberalism • Economic liberalism (classical economics) Laissez-faire • Political liberalism Ideology of political liberalism • David Ricardo (1772-1823), • John Stuart Mill, On Liberty Supported Women’s rights On the Subjection of Women Nationalism •Part of a community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs •The community is called a “nation” •Nationalist ideology •Allied with liberalism Nineteenth-Century Europe Early Socialism Utopian Socialists Charles Fourier (1772 – 1838) Robert Owen (1771-1858) Louis Blanc (1813 – 1882) Female Supporters Flora Tristan (1803 – 1844) Revolution and Reform, 1830-1850 Another French Revolution Charles X (1824-1830) • Revolt by liberals Louis-Philippe (1830-1848) • The bourgeois monarch • Constitutional changes favor the upper bourgeoisie Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and Italy Austrian Netherlands given to Dutch Republic Revolt by the Belgians Revolt attempts in Poland and Italy The Revolution of 1830 Reform in Great Britain The Reform Act of 1832 New political power for industrial urban communities Benefited the upper middle class New Reform Legislation Poor Law of 1834 Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846) The Revolutions of 1848 France Revolution Corruption, and failure to initiate reform Louis-Philippe abdicates, 2/24/1848 Provisional government established • Elections by univ. manhood suffrage • Split between mod. and liberal republicans Second Republic established • Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected 12/48 The Revolutions of 1848 – 1849 Revolution in Central Europe Spreads – French inspired Frederick William IV (18401861) • Frankfurt Assembly Austrian Empire • Louis Kossuth, Hungary • Metternich flees the country • Hungary’s wishes granted • Francis Joseph I (1848-1916) Revolts in the Italian States Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) Young Italy, 1831 Goal: a united Italy Cristina Belgioioso (1808-1871) Charles Albert (r. 1831 – 1849) The Failures of 1848 Division within the revolutionaries Radicals and liberals Divisions among nationalities Maturing of the United States Constitution contained liberalism and nationalism Alexander Hamilton-Federalist Thomas Jefferson-Republican John Marshall (1755-1835) Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) and democracy Emergence of an Ordered Society Development of regular police purpose of police British Bobbies “Bobbies” introduced in 1829 – 1830 French Police Crime and Social Reform New poor laws Moral reformers Organized religion Prison Reform The Characteristics of Romanticism Emotion, sentiment, and feelings, nature Tragic figure Johann von Goethe (1749-1832), The Sorrows of the Young Werther Individualism Interest in the past Grimm Brothers – German History? Gothic literature Edgar Allan Poe (1808-1849) Romanticism in Art, Music, Poetry Percy Bysshe Shelley Prometheus Unbound Casper David Friedrich God and nature Eugène Delacroix (1798-1863) Passion for color Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) Lord Byron (1788-1824) Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage William Wordsworth (1770-1850) The mysterious force of nature Caspar David Friedrich, Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon Delacroix, The Death of Sardanaplus Discussion Questions What were the goals of the early nineteenth-century conservatives? What forces were working against the achievement of those goals? Why did Britain involve itself in the Greek revolt against the Ottoman Empire? How did liberalism and nationalism contribute to both the success and failure of reform in the mid-nineteenth century? Why did the Revolutions of 1848 fail? Compare and contrast the Romantic and Enlightenment views of nature. Web Links 1832 Reform Act Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions Utopian Socialism Archive William Wordsworth: The Complete Poetical Works The Walter Scott Digital Archive