Transcript Reaction, revolution, romanticism

REACTION, REVOLUTION,
ROMANTICISM
Chapter 21
The Conservative Order (1815-1830)

What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna
and the Concert of Europe, and how successful were
they in achieving these goals?
Peace Settlement
:
 Great
Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia
 Restored Bourbon monarchy with
Louis XVIII
 September 1814 – meet in Vienna
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Prince Klemens von Metternich
(1773-1859)
 Austrian
diplomat
 Conceited, self-assured
 “How right I am, and how wrong they
are”
Peace Settlement

Principle of
 To
reestablish peace and stability
 Restore “legitimate” monarchs to
preserve traditional institutions
 Bourbons in France and Spain
Other strategy more practical
Russia, Austria, Prussia all had claims on Poland
Prussia, Austria got some
“New” Poland under Russian Romanov monarchs
Prussia got 2/5s of Saxony, Westphalia, Left Bank of Rhine
Austria lost Netherlands and got Lombardy and Venetia
Peace Settlement
preventing a country from

domination
 To balance Russian gains: Austria & Prussia strengthened
 Metternich: makes them a “unconquerable barrier”
 To balance France combined Dutch Republic and Belgium
(Austrian Netherlands) to create a larger Netherlands
– league of German states
France ordered to pay indemnity and have occupying army
for 5 years after Napoleon’s 100 Days
Conservatism

Liberal and Nationalist forces unleashed by French
Revolution
: ideology based on tradition and
social stability favoring maintenance of established
institutions, organized religion, obedience to authority,
resisting change
Ordered community has precedence over individual rights
 Edmund Burke (1729-1797),
reaction to radical republican and democratic ideas
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“Each generation has the duty to preserve and transmit [the status
quo] to the next”
Conservatism

Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821)
 Restoration
of hereditary monarchy
“divinely sanctioned institution” that
ordered society

Quadruple Alliance 
 Met
periodically to maintain new
status quo
 1818:
four powers withdrew armies
from France, became power of 5 “never
have I known a prettier congress”
 1820: dealt with outbreak of revolution
in Spain & Italy
Interventionism
: great powers had
right to send armies to put down revolution and
restore legitimate monarchs
 Britain
refused to take part
 Concert of Europe authorized troops to put down revolts
in Italy and Spain  successful
Interventionism

Latin America
 Simón
Bolívar “the liberator” freed
Colombia (1819) and Venezuela (1821),
José San Martín freed Chile (1817),
Bolívar & Martín freed Peru (1824),
Mexico and Brazil followed
 England
stopped Concert of Europe
from intervention with its navy, and
soon dominated Latin American
economy
 Monroe Doctrine (1823) – Western
Hemisphere is closed!
 Latin America became source of raw
materials, not industrialization
Interventionism

Designed to prevent revolution, it could
also be used to support revolution if in
the interest of the Concert
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1821: Greeks revolted against Ottoman
Turks
Greeks had been allowed to maintain
language and Greek Orthodox faith
under Muslim rule
Revival of Greek national sentiment in
early 19th century supported by British
and French in 1827
Russia declared war against Ottomans in
1828
Treaty of Adrianople (1829) stated
Europeans could decide Greece’s fate
1830: declared independent
Conservative Domination

Great Britain

Parliament was dominated by Tories and Whigs
Both comprised of landed aristocracy
 Whigs gained support from Industrial Middle Class
 Tory government passed high tariffs on foreign grain benefitting
landowners, hurting lower working classes
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Central Europe

Metternich kept “and eye on everything” in German
Confederation and Austria
put down liberal student groups like the
 Limited freedom of press
 Put universities under close supervision
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Reactions to Conservatism
Liberalism
Nationalism
Early Socialism
Liberalism
: ideology based on belief people should
be as free from restraint as possible
: government shouldn’t interfere in workings of
economy (laissez-faire)
 Government has three jobs:
Defense of country
 Police protection of individuals
 Construction and maintenance of public works

: protection of civil liberties – assembly, speech,
press, arbitrary arrest – in a written document
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Liberalism tied to middle-class men: wanted to extend voting
rights to industrialized middle-class, NOT to lower classes
Nationalism
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Rose up out of the French Revolution
Nation = community of institutions, traditions, language,
customs
Each nationality should have its own government
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Germans should have one central government
Hungarians deserved self-determination away from German
subjugation
Nationalism and Liberalism became strong allies
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Liberals believed liberty could be realized only by peoples ruling
themselves
Nationalists believed once each people obtained own state, all
nations could be linked into a broader community of humanity
Early Socialism
: Political intellectuals who wanted to
introduce equality into social conditions and believed that
human cooperation was superior to competition in capitalism
Against private property and competitive spirit
 By creating new systems of social organization, a better
environment for humanity could be achieved

Charles Fourier (1772-1838) –
: small model
cooperatives where inhabitants were communally housed and rotate
work
 Robert Owen (1771-1858) – attempted cooperatives in Scotland and
US
 Flora Tristan (1803-1844) –
advocated application of
Fourier’s ideas to family and work
 Other women looked to Early Socialism as means to equality
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Another French Revolution

1830: Charles X issued the “July
Ordinances” which censored the
press, dissolved legislative assembly,
reduced electorate
: rebellion put
Louis-Philippe, duke of Orleans, as
constitutional king
 “Bourgeois
monarch” – support came
from upper middle class
 Favored interests of bourgeoisie, lower
classes disappointed they helped give
him crown
Revolutionary Outbursts of 1830
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Belgium rose up against Dutch
European powers accepted independence
Metternich sent Austrian troops to crush revolts in
Italian states
Russians crushed Polish revolt
Whigs took power in Britain and introduced reforms
to make the middle class happy
 Liberals
repealed Corn Laws to create free trade
French Revolution of 1848
 1846:
Industrial and agricultural depression
 Government refused to extend suffrage to
middle class
 Adolphe Thiers agitated for dismissal of
Louis-Philippe
 1847-1848:
held banquets to raise money and
calling for reforms
 February 22 1848: government forbade a
grand banquet
 people revolted, Louis-Philippe
abdicated and fled to London
French Revolution of 1848

Provisional government of moderate (most of France)
and radical republicans (working class) set up
 Unemployment
and debt climbed
 Workers rioted when work shops closed
 4 days of fighting before working class put AP
down,
prisonersof
Mustache
sent to colony of Algeria
the year nominee

November 4, 1848:
new constitution
 Unicameral,
universal male suffrage,
 Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
created with
European revolts = FAILURE

Paris revolution triggered upheavals in central Europe

Frankfurt Assembly
(Big German) – include Austria
(Small German) – exclude Austria
 Austria withdrew, Frederick William IV refused title of “emperor”
of Germans
Louis Kossuth, Hungarian liberal won “commonwealth”
status in Austria
 New Emperor, Francis Joseph I fought Hungarians with
Russians putting down revolt and restoring authoritarian
rule
 Italy failed to unite
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Failure to unite: divisions in politics and nationalities
made revolutions fail
Romanticism
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Emotion, sentiment, inner feelings
Individualism – interest in unique
traits of each person
 Desire
to follow inner drives
 Long hair, beards, outrageous clothes
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Heroism
Historical focus
Gothic Literature
Love of Nature
Pantheism –
God is everywhere
Lord Byron
Antoine-Jean Gros
Romanticism
“Napoleon on the Battlefield of Eylau ”
1808
All artistic expression
was a reflection of
inner
feelings
Eugene
Delacroix,
“Liberty Leading the People”
 Rejected principles of
1830
Classicism
 Beauty is not
timeless
Joseph
 Depends
on Turner
culture
Slaversand
Throwing
age Overboard the Dead
and Dying, Typhoon Coming On
 Warmth,
emotion,
[The Slave
Ship]
movement1840
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