1750-1900

By: Bryce Dillard

Origins of Industrial Revolution

• the total of the changes in economic and social organization that began in 1760 in England, characterized mainly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments.

Industrial Revolution: New Machines • Cotton mill, cotton gin, steam engine, and textile engine.

Effects of Industrial Revolution on Society • Industrialization was driven by innovation in technology and the use of steam power, and had an extremely significant impact on the economy and the demographic make-up of all countries.

Political and Economic Effects of Industrialization • • Political- the government policy of the early years of industrialization was based on a theory of laissez faire. According to this theory, business men should be free to look after their own interest and that the government was not to interfere with the business of the private industry. Economic- The economy of the country becomes more stable, as there is no reliance on agriculture. The foreign exchange earning increased with the export of manufactured goods.

Factory System: Social Impact

• Some women were needed to work in the factories. This gave them more opportunities and freedoms. But some children were needed and this was not a good thing.

Factory System: Economic Impact

• People didn't have to work as hard to get things they needed; resources and other things were there and easy to buy.

American Revolution: Causes

• • The British imposes various taxes and acts on the colonists. The Tea Act is what boiled them over. The Boston Tea Part and the Boston Massacre were two main events that spurred this revolution.

American Revolution: Impact

• An impact was that the American colonies were now an independent nation. They could make the rules, prices, jobs, everything.

French Revolution: Causes

• social cause - The French society was divided into three estates , the first two were the clergy and nobility and the third estate consisted of merchants, businessmen, lawyers and peasants. The third estate didn't had equal rights and the other estates enjoyed other privileges. economic cause- third estate had to pay all the taxes imposed by the king as the other estates were exempted from it. The prices of bread rose and there was subsistence crisis. immediate cause- Rumors spread that the king will order his troops to attack Paris ( as people were revolting) and then 4000- 5000 people gathered and formed people's militia.

National Assembly

• a legislative body consisting of the elected representatives of a nation or country

French Revolution: Convention to Napoleon • A revolution that began in 1789 that overthrew the absolute monarchy and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and confiscation of power in 1799.

Napoleon Bonaparte

• French general who became emperor of the French. (1769-1821)

Congress of Vienna

• conference discussing territory after Napoleonic Wars: a congress held in Vienna between 1814 and 1815 to deal with the territorial and jurisdictional problems remaining after the defeat of Napoleon in the Napoleonic Wars.

Latin American Independence Movements • Widespread rebellions against the Spanish to try to gain independence in Latin American countries, Simon Bolivar was a leader of the movement.

Simon Bolivar

• Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. He founded Bolivia in 1825. (1783-1830)

Haitian Revolution

• The Haitian Revolution was a slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which ended with the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Haitian republic. (1791-1804)

Toussaint-Louverture

• Haitian military and political leader who led a successful slave rebellion (1791-1793) and helped the French expel the British from Haiti (1798).

Conservatism in Europe

• Conservatism developed in Restoration England from royalism. Royalists supported absolute monarchy, arguing that the sovereign governed by divine right. They opposed the theory that sovereignty derived from the people, the authority of parliament and freedom of religion. The party, which was renamed the Conservative Party in the 1830s, returned as a major political force after becoming home to both protective aristocrats and free market capitalists in an uneasy agreement.

Liberalism in Europe

• A political movement that supports a broad tradition of individual liberties and a constitutionally-limited and democratically accountable government.

Nationalism

• desire for political independence, the wanting to achieve political independence, especially by a country under foreign control or by a people with a separate identity and culture but no state of their own.

Socialism

• political system of communal ownership: a political theory or system in which the means of production and distribution are controlled by the people and operated according to equality and fairness rather than market principles.

Karl Marx

• Founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848. (1818-1883)

Unification of Germany

• Unified under Bismarck used spirit of nationalism provoked by the Napoleonic wars; nationalist based on language and religion and culture. Bismarck was able to use conservative nationalism to create modern nation-state; huge German power in the center of Europe caused imbalance of power. (1871)

Otto von Bismarck

• German statesman, first chancellor of modern German Empire 1871–90.

Italian Unification

• The period of or the movement for the liberation and political unification of Italy, beginning about 1750 and lasting until 1870.

Zionism

• A worldwide Jewish movement that resulted in the establishment and development of the state of Israel.

Crimean War (1853-1856)

• A war between Great Britain, France, Turkey, and Sardinia on one side, and Russia on the other. It was fought mainly in the Crimea.

Emancipation of Serfs in Russia (1861) • Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained.

New Imperialism: Causes

• Search for new markets and competition for these new markets. Want to gain profit from places such as Asia and Africa. Need for natural recourses such as coal to help power industries.

“The White Man’s Burden”

• the alleged duty of the white race to care for subject peoples of other races in its colonial possessions.

Social Darwinism

• The statement of Darwinism to the study of human society, specifically a theory in sociology that individuals or groups achieve advantage over others as the result of genetic or biological superiority.

Direct vs. Indirect Control (of Colonial Possessions) • A direct rule is a system of government controls the states or provinces. Indirect rule is a type of European colonial policy.

Sepoy Rebellion

• a revolt of the sepoy troops in British India resulting in the transfer of the administration of India from the East India Company to the crown. (1857-1859)

Indian National Congress (INC): Origins • The largest political party in India, founded in December 1885. It’s goal was economic reform and a bigger role in policy making for India.

King Leopold

• King of Belgium.

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

• A meeting between European nations to create rules on how to peacefully divide Africa among them for colonization.

Opium War: Causes

• British aggression and expansionalism. Opium became the most valuable product trade in the 19 th century and funded most of Britain's colonization of India. The amount of drug addicts increased to about 12.5 million in 1836. Manchu's corrupt government refused to trade with the British.

Opium War: Results

• British gained rights in Chinese ports. Extraterritoriality - Foreign citizens were subject to their home laws. After 2 wars in 1839, the Chinese realized they couldn't win and gave up.

Taiping Rebellion (1850s and 1860s) • An unsuccessful rebellion led by Hung Hsiu ch'üan (Hong Xiuquan), that attempted to overthrow the Manchu dynasty. (1850-1864)

Self-Strengthening Movement

• A Chinese military and political reform movement. It attempted to adapt Western institutions and military innovations to Chinese needs.

Spheres of Influence

• region of dominance, a geographic region or area of activity in which a state, organization, or person is dominant.

Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900)

• rebellion in China in 1900, it was unsuccessful, the objective was to drive out all foreigners, remove all foreign influence, and force Chinese Christians to give up their religion.

Monroe Doctrine

• U.S. foreign policy statement, the political belief, that Europe should not involve itself in the American continent by exerting influence. The policy was part of the U.S. recognition of the independence of several Latin American countries.

Spanish-American War (1898-1899) • A war between Spain and the United States in 1898. Spain gave up Puerto Rico, the Philippine Islands, and Guam to the United States and abandoned all claim to Cuba.

U.S. Open Door Policy

• the policy of granting equal trade opportunities to all countries.

Opening of Japan

• Japan opened its ports for trades. This allowed a lot of countries to trade with them.

Meiji Restoration

• both the events of 1868 that led to the "restoration" of power to the emperor and the entire period of revolutionary changes that coincided with the Meiji.

Sino-Japanese War

• the war between China and Japan over the control of Korea that resulted in the small independence of Korea and the Chinese cession to Japan of Formosa and the Pescadores. (1894-1895)

Decline of Ottoman Empire

• The period that followed after the unproductivity of the Ottoman Empire (11/12 September 1683 – 20 October 1827) in which the empire experienced several economic and political setbacks. Directly affecting the Empire at this time was Russian imperialism.

Muhammad Ali

• A viceroy of Egypt, and is sometimes considered the founder of modern Egypt. (1769-1849)

Steam Engine

• engine powered by steam: including a flywheel attached to a reciprocating piston that is driven by the wide action of steam generated in a boiler

Interchangeable Parts

• Identical components that can substitute one for another, important in manufacturing and mass production, which transformed the organization of work. This came about by the development of the machine-tool industry in 19th-century. With this equipment, large numbers of identical parts could be produced at low cost and with a small workforce.

Cotton Gin

• machine for cleaning cotton; a machine for separating seeds, husks, and other unwanted material from cotton fiber

Telegraph

• long-distance communication through wires, a method of long-distance communication by coded electric impulses transmitted through wires