Transcript Methamphetamine Epidemic in Thailand

New Methamphetamine Epidemic
in Thailand
Apinun Aramrattana, MD, PhD
Faculty of Medicine &
Research Institute for Health Sciences,
Chiang Mai University,
Chiang Mai, Thailand
1st Global Methamphetamine Conference: 15-16 September 2008, Prague
Chiang Mai
Thailand profiles
• Populations 63 m.
• 73 provinces
Methamphetamine epidemics
DRUG DEPENDENCE TREATMENT POPULATION
0.4
100%
0.6
1.1
1
1.7
NUMBER
2.6
10.6
80%
19.3
16.5
13.8
12.8
5.3
7.7
34.1
5.3
53.7
60%
57.4
60.3
6.3
40%
71.1
72.5
73.7
78.2
83.4
84.9
76
5.7
6.6
47.8
20%
32.1
6
24.1
19.6
1999
2000
0%
1990
Heroin
1991
Opium
1992
1993
Ganja
1994
1995
Inhalant
1996
1997
Alcohol
1998
ATS
Others
Source: Dept. of Medical Services, MOPH and Institute of Health Research,C U., ONCB
V.Poshyachinda
1st National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: 2001
Users (age 12-65 yr.)
x 1,000
Any illicit drugs
Marihuana
Yaba
Kratom leaf
Inhalants
Opium
Ecstasy
Heroin
Ever
7,312
5,425
3,492
2,106
934
907
360
274
Past year Past month
1,942
999
667
1,092
644
200
39
47
23
Drug treatment capacity was < 50,000 patients.
Source: The Office of Narcotic Control Board, Thailand, 2002
210
490
364
101
12
18
9
3rd National Household Survey: Provinces and Population
Province
2007
Population
Municipal NonMunicipal
Bangkok
1
2,084
-
Central
9
3,102
6,227
North
Northeast
6
7
6
1,040
1,474
3,614
5,930
797
2,365
29
8,497
18,136
South
Total
All age 12-65 in selected households
Multi-stage
block sampling
Estimated Number x 1,000 [rate/1,000]
Drug
type
Life
time
Past
year
Past
month
Meth. Tab. 788.9 [17.0] 66.3 [ 1.4] 22.9 [ 0.5]
Ecstacy
124.3 [ 2.7] 15.2 [ 0.3] 3.3 [ 0.1]
Ice
41.8 [ 0.9]
2.2 [0.05] 0.6 [0.01]
Opium
229.0 [ 4.9]
3.1 [ 0.1]
-
Heroin
151.0 [ 3.2]
3.9 [ 0.1]
-
ATS were more predominated than opiates.
20 ธันวาคม 2550
Retrospective trends of new users
War on drug Meth. tab. decreased.
2003 Ecstacy increased.
บุหCigarettes
รี่
Meth. tab.
Ice was introduced recently
and increased.
Ecstacy
ICE
Crude analysis on the onset of drug used
Sex-specific Prevalence
1.4
1.2
Past year
Life time
1
0.8
Male
Female
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Meth. Tab.
Ecstacy
Ice
Male predomination was small among
Ecstacy and Ice users.
20 ธันวาคม 2550
Age-specific Prevalence
Past year
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
12-24
25-65
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Meth. Tab.
Ecstasy
Meth. tab. was wide-spread among both
youths and adults.
Ecstacy was popular among young users.
20 ธันวาคม 2550
Age-at-initiation Trends
New users tended to be young.
Age
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Calendar
Year
1947
1957
1967
1977
1987
1997
2007
Poly-drug use
Marihuana
กัญชา
62.3
Chatกระท่
leaves
อม
33.9
Inhalants
สารระเหย
16.5
Opium ฝิ่น
12.4
Heroin
เฮโรอีน
Ecstacyยาอี
11.4
8.5
Ketamine
ยาเค
Ice ไอซ์
3.6
3.4
Cocaine
โคเคน
2.1
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Alcohol and Substance Use Patients at OPD
Suan Prung Psychiatric Hospital 1995-2006
Number of Patients
7000
6000
5000
War on drugs
Rehabilitation law
4000
Alcohol
3000
Methamphetamine
2000
1000
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Years
Short-term impacts of the ‘War on Drug’
Methamphetamine is still the most popular drug.
Source: Suan Prung Hospital, MOPH
Treatment statistics
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Cocaine
Ketamine
Ice
Ecstacy
Ice users came for treatment at government hospitals
were remarkbly increasing
Source: ONCB
Ice : Seizure statistics
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
1 - 99
100 - 999
1,000 - 4,999
5,000 - 9,999
38.3 kg..
15 kg.
148 kg.
36 kg.
20.8 kg.
10,000+
Amount (kg.)
Ice has recently been introduced to Thailand a few years ago and
rapidly expanding to cover all parts of the country.
The 1st clandestine lab. Producing Ice seized near Bangkok, July 2008.
สำนักปรำบปรำมยำเสพติด
Conclusion
• Thailand passed through a maximum peak of large
methamphetamine epidemics around 2003.
• While its accessibility and availability were decreased,
users turned to other drug for substitution.
• The large demand size led to another recent epidemics of
Ice (methamphetamine crystal) among youths.
• This could develop further and pose health risks to the
new users.
Acknowledgement:
• The Executive Program Committee of the
Conference
• Late Professor Vichai
Poshyachinda, Drug
Dependence Research Center, Chulalongkorn
University
• The Office of Narcotic Control Board (ONCB),
•
Ministry of Justice, Thailand
Thai Addiction Researcher Consortium
• Chiang Mai University, Thailand
• Drug users and workers