Transcript No Slide Title

Chapter 1
» Introduction to Managerial
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Economics
Structure of Decision Models
Profit’s Role
Agency Problems & Solutions
Not-for-Profit Organizations
Why Corporations Have Succeeded
Over Other Organizational Forms
Slide 1
Managerial Economics
An Applied Course
Integrates the use of economics,
math, and financial analysis to
make good business decisions
Slide 2
TOPICS
• Demand and Supply Analysis
and how to estimated elasticities
• Production and Cost Analysis
and how to estimate relationships
• Monopoly, Competition, and
Oligopolies
and how to make good pricing decisions
Slide 3
Economic Decisions
CONSTRAINTS
GOALS & OBJECTIVES
INFORMATION
• Constraints -- limitations of time, energy,
money, productive capacity, regulatory
climate, etc.
• Information -- forecasting, relationships,
expectations, possible retaliation by rivals, etc.
Slide 4
管理經濟的定義
• 管理經濟學是一門研究如何使用有限資源，以
達到成本效率管理的科學
» 有限
• 目的：有成本效益的管理，充分利用資金，不一定是有效
果，最重要的是要有成本效益
• 技術人員經常忽視關鍵：用最大的發動機、用功能強大的
伺服器，但卻忽略了成本問題
» 資源：財務、人力、其他資源
» 區別
• 有效果
• 有成本效益
Slide 5
Objectives of the Firm
• Profit maximization
• Shareholder wealth
The value of the firm =V0 (shares outstanding),
is the present value of expected future profits
or cash flows, discounted at the
shareholders required rate of return, ke,
ignoring taxes.

V0 (shares outstanding) =   t /(1+ke) t
t=1
Slide 6
Goals or Objectives
• Maximize Present Value of Profits =
N
(Revenuet - Costst) / (1+ke)t
t=1
• Decision Model Language:
» Objective Function = sets up the goals & the
constraints
» Decision Rule = shows what is optimal
Slide 7
EXAMPLE: MAX  { A, B }
• simple objective function, simple decision
rule
» Pick A if profit {A} > profit {B}, otherwise pick B.
• Max Profit { Q} for a competitive firm
MC
» produce where P = MC
P
Profit = TR - TC =
P•Q - TC
Q
-
Q
Q+
Slide 8
• To make good economic decisions,
managers need to be able to forecast &
estimate relationships
• Will be forecasting demand
» applies to for-profit corporations
» non-profit organizations
• Hospital Administrators -- # patients
• University Administrator -- enrollment
• Regression analysis, time series
methods, and qualitative forecasting
methods used for forecasting
Slide 9
The Role of Profits
• Economic Cost (or opportunity cost) is
the highest valued benefit that must be
sacrificed as a result of choosing an
alternative.
• Economic profit is the difference
between revenues and total economic
cost (including the economic or
opportunity cost of owner supplied
resources such as time and capital.
Slide 10
Theories of Why Profit Varies
Across Industries
• RISK-BEARING THEORY
• DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM (or
FRICTIONAL) THEORY OF PROFIT
• MONOPOLY THEORY OF PROFIT
• INNOVATION THEORY OF PROFIT
• MANAGERIAL EFFICIENCY
THEORY OF PROFIT
Slide 11
Agency Problems
• Modern corporations allow managers to have
no, or limited, ownership participation in the
profitability of the firm.
• Shareholders may want profits, but managers
may wish to relax.
• The shareholders are principals, whereas the
managers are agents.
» Conflicting motivations between these
groups are called agency problems.
Slide 12
• The Principal-Agent Problem
» Shareholders (principals) want profit
» Managers (agents) want leisure &
security
• Examples
» KKR’s takeover of RJR Nabisco to
refocus on wealth-maximization
» The LBO by O.M. Scott from ITT
improved Scott’s performance
Slide 13
Solutions to Agency Problems
• Compensation as incentive
• Extending to all workers stock options,
bonuses, and grants of stock
» Help make workers act as owners of firm
• Incentives to help the company, because
that improves the value of stock options
and bonuses.
Slide 14
What Went Right?
What Went Wrong?
• Saturn Corporation
» Different kind of
car company in 1991
» No-haggle pricing
» Sales were above expectations
• But, margin of only $400 per car to GM
» GM earned only 3% on capital
» Saturn customers wanted bigger Saturns rather than
trade up to Buick, as GM hoped.
» When the dollar appreciated, Japanese firms could
price their cars more competitively.
Slide 15
Shareholder Wealth
Maximization: Conditions
• COMPLETE MARKETS - liquid markets
for firm's inputs and by-products (including polluting
by-products).
• NO SIGNIFICANT ASYMMETRIC
INFORMATION - buyers and sellers all know
the same things.
• KNOWN RECONTRACTING COSTS
future input costs are part of the present value of
expected cash flows.
Slide 16
Goals in the Public Sector and the
Not-For-Profit (NFP) Enterprise
Instead of profit, NFP organizations may have as
their goals:
1.Maximization of the quantity of output,
subject to a breakeven constraint.
2.Maximization of the utility (happiness) of
NFP administrators.
3. Maximization of cash flows.
4. Maximization of the utility of contributors to the NFP
organization.
Slide 17
• Which goal a NFP manager selects affects
decisions made.
» A food shelter manager may decide to maximize
the utility of contributors by selecting only
"healthy foods"
• Public sector managers are performance
monitored.
» V.A. hospital administrators are rewarded by reducing
the cost per bed over a year. Hence, they become
efficient with respect to costs.
» The "friendliness" of the hospital staff is harder to
measure, so friendliness will tend not be a high priority
of the public sector manager.
Slide 18
新經濟與傳統經濟
• 網路效果：供應者提供產品的利益在於
使用者人數的多寡
» 詳細討論網路效果：第十二章外部性
• 電話服務
• 電子郵件服務
• 規模經濟與多角化經濟
» 提供訊息的規模經濟：比較
• 雅虎
• 圖書館員的的服務
Slide 19