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Overview of the EU situation as
regard the Landfill Directive and its
specified targets
Dr V.J.Inglezakis
Chemical Engineer
(MSc, PhD)
TAIEX Workshop on Waste
Sofia, 21-22 July 2009
•
Chemical Engineer, MSc and PhD in Chemical Engineering
•
Resident Twinning Advisor (PAA/RTA) in Slovakia (20042005) and in Romania (2006-2007) for the implementation of
the EU environmental legislation
•
Short-term expert (STE) in other Twinning, TW Light, TA etc
Projects
(IPPC/China,
ELVs/Romania,
Hazardous
Waste/Latvia,
Domestic
Waste/Romania,
IPPC
&
SEVESO/Russia and others)
•
Research Staff of NTUA/UEST (Athens/Greece)
•
Collaborator of Ministries (Romania/Greece)
The framework in waste management
Framework Legislation
Waste Framework Dir.
(Dir.2008/98)
Hazardous Waste Directive
Waste Shipment Regulation
Dir.91/689/EEC
(Reg. (EEC) 259/93,
revised – Reg. (EC) 1013/2006
Waste Treatment Operations
Incineration
Recycling
Landfill
89/369 & 429 (MW) 94/67 (HW)
Replaced by 2000/76/EC
EU Standards, …,
as part of Recycling Strategy
99/31/EC
Waste Streams
Waste
oils
Titanium
Dioxide
Dir
75/439/EEC
Dir 78/176/EEC
repeal with
WFD
revision
Sewage
Sludge
Dir. 86/278/EEC
Up-date in
Simplify in
2007
2006
Batteries and Packaging
Accumulators
and
Packaging
Dir. 91/157/EEC &
93/86/EEC
Waste
COM(2003)723
Dir. 94/62/EC
New
proposal in
co-decision
PCBs
Dir.96/59/EC
End-of-life
Vehicles
Dir 2000/53 EC
Waste
electric
and
electronic
equipment
Dir.2002/95EC
Restriction
of
Hazardous
Substances
Dir.2002/95EC
Mining
Waste
Dir 2006/21/EC
Solid Waste Legislation Timeline
Packaging Waste, Waste Catalogue,
Hazardous Waste List
1st Waste
Directive
1975
Titanium
Dioxide
Directive
1980
OILs
1985
Waste
Statistics
(2nd) Waste
Landfill
Directive
1995
Directive 2005
2000
1990
Sewage
Sludge Directive
3rd Waste
Directive
IPPC
TFS 1
Hazardous Waste
Directive
2010
TFS 2
WEEE
RoHS
Incineration
Directive
PRODUCER
RESPONSIBILITY
INATITIVES
PRODUCER
RESPONSIBILITY
INATITIVES
(PCB’S, BATTERIES, ..)
(WEEE, ELV, ..)
Important Definitions (Directive
2008/98/EC)

Recycling: means any recovery operation by which waste
materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances
whether for the original or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing of
organic material but does not include energy recovery and the
reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or for backfilling
operations;

Reuse: means any operation by which products or components that
are not waste are used again for the same purpose for which they were
conceived

Recovery:

Disposal: means any operation which is not recovery even
means any operation the principal result of which is
waste serving a useful purpose by replacing other materials which
would otherwise have been used to fulfil a particular function, or
waste being prepared to fulfil that function, in the plant or in the
wider economy. Annex II sets out a non-exhaustive list of recovery
operations; This includes incineration facilities dedicated to the
processing of municipal solid waste only where their energy
efficiency is equal to or above 0.60-0.65.
where the operation has as a secondary consequence the
reclamation of substances or energy. Annex I sets out a nonexhaustive list of disposal operations;
European Waste Hierarchy
Municipal Solid
Waste
Avoidance
Reuse
Recycling
Recovery
Disposal
Number of existing landfills in EU-15 (as per 2006): 10.206
• 62% for non-hazardous waste (6.286)
• 33% for inert waste (3.416)
• 5% for hazardous waste (504)
Waste Acceptance Criteria (Decision 33/2003)
A simplified
sketch of a waste
management
system and the
objectives of
landfill policy
One of the organization schemes
Inter-municipal waste
management company
New landfill
Legal acts
County
Cash flow
Municipalities
Closed landfills
Waste flow
Composting
sites
Bulky waste
sites
Waste collectors
Waste producers
The Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC
and its targets
General Targets

To reduce biodegradable waste going to landfill to 75% of 1995 figures by
2010 and to 35% by 2020 (this included paper, card, food, garden waste
and organic textiles)

The regulations aim to reduce the volume of waste and increase recycling
rates. Composting and careful segregation of waste types for recycling will
need to be encouraged to fulfill the targets.

To ban the co-disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste. Three separate landfill types will
be required for hazardous, non-hazardous and inert wastes.
The requirement to treat most wastes before they are landfilled.
To ban the disposal of whole tyres at landill sites by 2003, and by 2006 tyre granules will not be
allowed in landfills.
To ban landfilling of liquid wastes, certain clinical waste and certain hazardous wastes.
Increase the level of control, monitoring and reporting at landill sites.




13
Key elements of the Landfill Directive
Reduction targets for the landfilling of biodegradable
waste (based on data for 1995):
 75 % by 2006
 50 % by 2009
 35 % by 2016
Sewage sludge is not biodegradable municipal waste!
The 2016 target already reached by AT, BE, DK, DE, NL and SE.
The 2009 target reached by FR, IT and FI are close to it.
The 2006 target has not been reached by ES, PT, IE, UK, GR
Reduction targets for biodegradable municipal waste (Article 5)
…of amounts stated 1995 in EUROSTAT (or latest year before)
2006/
75%
2010*
2009/
50%
FI, IT
2013*
FR
Reached aim already in 2003
2016/
35%
2020*
AT, BE (Flan.), DE, DK,
NL,SE
* Countries which put more than 80% of Municipal Waste (EUROSTAT 1995) into
landfills may extend the period for maximal 4 years
(Applies e.g. for: UK, ES, all 10 new MS)
Targets to be re-examined by 2014
Commission works on Standards for Composting since 2007
Definition and strategies for biodegradable waste
Any waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition
Paper and
cardboard
Wood
Waste from kitchen,
Textile materials
food courts etc.
Waste from
gardens & parks
Market waste
MS shall develop national strategies for reduction of biodegradable waste using
recycling, composting, biogas production and material/energy recovery
EU Waste Composition (2004)
The situation in Europe in numbers
Overview







On average, the European citizen generated 10 % more waste in 2007
than in 1995 (Eurostat). On average the generation of waste is about 500
kg per capita ranging from 300 to 800 kg per capita (2007).
In 1995, 62 % of municipal waste was landfilled on average and in 2007
this had fallen to 42 %.
Thirteen countries had either no incineration or incinerated less than 10 %
of their municipal waste in 2007. Eight EU-15 Member States incinerated
more than 20 % of municipal waste.
According to recently published data, 22 % of municipal waste generated in
2007 has been recycled and 17 % composted (Eurostat, 2009).
Biodegradable municipal waste (bio-waste, paper and cardboard, and
biodegradable textiles) make up a considerable share of municipal waste —
approximately 60–70 % in most countries.
The generation of BMW has been relatively stable over the period 1995–
2006 although its production varies between countries and regions (200400 kg per capita).
In 2005-2006 in the old Member States the level of MW recycling varies
from 60 kilogram to 370 kilogram per capita. In the new Member States
the level varies from 20 kilogram to 100 kilogram per capita.
Overview (up to 2007)



1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Total MW: 300-800 kg/capita
Total BMW: 200-400 kg/capita
Recycling rate: 20-370 kg/capita
Paper/cardboard: 10-140 kg/capita
Bio-waste: 10-130 kg/capita
Plastic: 1-50 kg/capita
Glass: 5-45 kg/capita
Metal: 2-25 kg/capita
Generation of municipal waste in the EU-27, 1995 and 2007
Municipal Waste Landfilled per Capita
Projections - ETC/RWM 2007 (EU 25)
Projections - ETC/RWM 2007 (New and old MS)
GDP and Waste Generation
Generation of Municipal Waste in the EU (2006)
Waste per capita (kg/year)
900
800
CY
700
MT
600
EU-15
HU
500
BG
400
RO
300
ES
LT
LV
SK
PL
200
SI
CZ
The New Member States,
with about 26% of the total
EU population, generate
only 16% of the total waste.
100
0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
GDP per capita ('000 EUR)
30000
35000
GDP and Packaging Waste
Index
(1997=100)
Generation of packaging waste and GDP in Europe
120
100
Packaging waste generation
GDP
80
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Municipal waste, 2007
Municipal waste generated,kg
per person
EU27
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Germany
Estonia
Ireland
Greece
Spain
France
Italy
Cyprus
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Hungary
Malta
Netherlands
Austria
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Finland
Sweden
United Kingdom
522
492
468
294
801
564
536
786
448
588
541
550
754
377
400
694
456
652
630
597
322
472
379
441
309
507
518
572
Municipal waste treated, %:
Landfilled
42
4
100
84
5
1
64
64
84
60
34
46
87
86
96
25
77
93
3
13
90
63
99
66
82
53
4
57
Incinerated Recycled Composted
20
22
17
34
39
23
0
0
0
13
2
1
53
24
17
35
46
18
0
34
2
0
34
2
0
14
2
10
13
17
36
16
14
11
11
33
0
13
0
0
13
1
0
2
2
47
0
28
9
13
1
0
2
5
38
32
28
28
21
38
0
6
4
19
8
10
0
1
0
0
34*
11
2
5
12
26
10
47
37
12
9
22
12
15
Landfill of Waste for Year 2007 (%)
100
90
80
70
60
50
42
40
30
20
10
0
Romania & Greece - Summary
ROMANIA
GREECE
POPULATION
21.537.000
11.215.000
TOTAL WASTE (tn)
321.000.000
29.000.000
MUNICIPAL WASTE (tn)
9.000.000 (2.8%)
5.000.000 (17%)
BMW (organic only)
47% of MW
44% of MW
Directed to landfills (% of MW)
95%
85%
HAZARDOUS WASTE (tn)
963.000 (0.3%)
330.000 (1.14%)
NUMBER OF LANDFILLS
225 operating
65 operating (most non-comply <2012)
20 comply
32 under construction
78 under closure (2009)
41 preparatory studies
101 transition period (2017)
65
under
preparatory
studies/construction
ILLEGAL LANDFILLS
2.500
180
Lessons learned from Europe

The Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark,
Germany, Austria:



Have met targets of diversion of biodegradable
waste
Strong waste management infrastructure
(incineration or MBT)
Ireland, the UK, France, Spain, Italy: still
strong reliance on landfilling
Strategy on biodegradable waste
Distance to targets (2003)
% landfilled
140%
120%
100%
80%
Target 2006
60%
Target 2009
40%
Target 2016
20%
)
15
*
EU
It a
et
ly
he
rla
nd
s
Po
rtu
ga
l
Sp
ai
n
Sw
U
ni
ed
te
en
d
Ki
ng
do
m
N
um
-F
l
(2
00
2)
Fi
nl
an
d
Fr
an
ce
G
er
m
an
y
G
re
ec
e
Ire
la
nd
ar
k
lg
i
en
m
D
Be
Au
st
ria
0%
Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation
Strategy on biodegradable waste
e
rs
)
ar
k
m
la
nd
s
D
en
he
r
nd
e
ria
st
bu
rg
m
Au
la
(F
N
et
iu
m
lg
Th
Be
tte
an
ce
Fr
ay
la
nd
or
w
N
a
ly
Ita
on
i
Fi
n
al
es
)
W
al
la
nd
Ire
C
at
&
ür
W
an
d
gl
de
n-
(E
n
%
Ba
U
K
BMW: What happens to it?
LANDFILL (2003)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
K
U
an
d
ng
l
(E
&
es
)
al
Ire
la
nd
ly
Ita
nl
an
d
Fi
W
ria
bu
rg
em
Au
st
ay
w
or
N
a
on
i
al
at
C
nd
er
s)
an
ce
Fr
la
nd
s
k
ar
en
m
la
(F
ür
tt
W
en
-
Ba
d
D
et
he
r
N
iu
m
Be
lg
e
Th
BMW: What happens to it?
INCINERATION (2003)
50
45
40
35
30
% 25
20
15
10
5
0
iu
m
lg
U
K
(E
n
an
d
gl
a
on
i
al
la
nd
Ire
ay
es
)
W
al
C
at
&
or
w
N
an
d
nl
Fi
Fr
an
ce
ly
%
Ita
(F
la
Th
nd
e
er
N
s)
et
he
rla
nd
s
D
en
m
ar
k
Ba
de
Au
nst
W
ria
ür
tte
m
bu
rg
Be
BMW: What happens to it?
COMPOSTING (2003)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
K
U
W
ly
al
es
)
C
at
al
on
ia
Fr
an
ce
&
Ita
Ire
la
nd
ar
k
m
en
D
nd
s
ay
w
la
he
r
et
N
or
N
an
d
nl
Fi
s)
a
tri
Au
s
la
nd
er
(F
ng
la
nd
(E
Th
e
iu
m
lg
bu
rg
%
Be
tte
m
ür
W
Ba
de
n-
BMW: What happens to it?
MATERIAL RECYCLING (2003)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Lessons learned from Europe

“good results countries” have:




Regime of certainty: strong planning, landfill bans,
strict regulation, municipal (co-)ownership reducing
financial risks;
Partnership between government levels: transparant
responsibilities, thorough consultation, local
implementation;
Public trust: separate local waste taxes
(transparency), strict adherence to EU requirements;
Integrated approach across waste streams:
integration of household and industrial waste leads to
cost reductions.
Lessons learned from Europe

“bad results countries” have:




Lack of certainty which creates difficulties in securing
key waste management infrastructure;
Poor strategic planning capability with little cooperation
between tiers of government;
Weak local accountability and ownership of waste
related issues so that issues are repeatedly deferred;
Politically inconsistent messages and fiscal incentives
which contradict the promotion of the waste hierarchy.
Implementation examples (2005) – Biodegradable waste
AT: Legal obligation for separate collection biowaste, packaging waste,
biodegradable fraction C&D waste;
landfilling only of wastes pretreated by incineration or MBT in order
to obtain TOC <5%
BE Flanders: Landfilling ban for unsorted MSW, waste collected for
recovery and combustible fraction (TOC >6%)
DK: Landfilling ban for all combustible waste fractions (incineration)
DE: General legal obligation for separation; biodegradable MSW
composted, packaging waste recovered;
general ban for landfilling of untreated waste (pre-treatment MBT or
incineration)
Implementation examples (2005) – Biodegradable waste
LU: separate collection kitchen, green waste, paper, wood;
pre-treatment installations for MSW at landfills (sorting, shredding,
homogenisation, organic stabilisation)
NL: High share of incineration for MSW;
targets for separate collection organic waste,
ban on landfilling separately collected biowaste (composting,
fermentation)
SE: Landfiling ban for combustible and organic waste;
high share incineration
growing share biological treatment
Fi
nl
an
Ts
d
je
ch
Re
p
Sp
ai
n
Ita
ly
Sw
ed
en
No
rw
ay
Da
nm
Ne
ar
k
th
er
la
nd
Be
s
lg
iu
m
Be
(F
lg
l)
iu
m
(W
al)
Fr
an
ce
Au
st
ria
UK
Landfill tax in 13 EU countries (€/ton, 2004-2005)
Euro/ton
100
80
60
Euro/ton
40
20
0
A target in the … bin


Simple/cheap means – huge impact: equip small and medium communities with
separate collection bins
Implement wide public awareness campaigns – without the people we cannot have
results whatever the legislation imposes