Transcript Cues, Questions and Advance Organizers

Cues, Questions and
Advance Organizers
Karen Richardson
Cues and Questions
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A way to help students use what they
already know about a topic
Activate prior knowledge
Cues are “hints” about what they are
going to learn
Questions elicit from students what they
already know
Cueing and questioning account for 80%
of what occurs in a classroom
Selected Research Results
Synthesis Study
Focus
No. of
ES
Ave.
ES
Percentile
Gain
Stone, 1983
Cues
83
.75
27
Hamaker, 1986
Questions
100
.75
27
Guzzetti, Snyder
and Glass, 1993
Cues &
Questions
11
.80
29
Research and Theory
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Cues and questions should focus on what is
important as opposed to what is unusual.
“Higher level” questions produce deeper learning
than “lower level” questions.
“Waiting” briefly before accepting responses has
the effect of increasing the depth of student
answers.
Questions are effective learning tools even when
asked before a learning experience.
Classroom Practice
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Explicit Cues: straightforward ways of activating
prior knowledge: tell them what they’re going to
learn
Inferential questions about things, people,
actions, events, and states of being the students
are studying
Analytical questions
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Analyze errors
Construct support
Analyze perspectives
Advance Organizers
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Developed by David Ausubel (1968)
Relevant and inclusive introductory
materials
Bridge the gap between what the learner
already knows and what he needs to know
Selected Research Results
Synthesis Study
Stone, 1983
No. of
ES
Ave.
ES
Percentile
Gain
Expository
44
.80
29
Narrative
12
.53
20
Skimming
15
.71
26
Illustrated
15
.52
20
Focus
Research and Theory
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Advance organizers should focus on what
is important as opposed to what is
unusual.*
“Higher level” organizers produce deeper
learning than “lower level” organizers.
Advance organizers are most useful with
information that is not well organized
Different types of advance organizers
produce different results.
Classroom Practice
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Expository advance organizers
Narrative advance organizers
Skimming as a Form of Advance Organizer
Graphics Advance Organizers