Transcript Diapositive 1 - Michel Coster Heller Psychologue

SADNESS AND FACIAL ACTION CODING SYSTEM (FACS)
Power point presentation, made at Schloss Greifensee (near Zurich),
on the 25.1.2006,
by Michael Coster Heller, Dr. Phil
Psychologist & Psychotherapist FSP/AVP/EABP
Rue du Maupas 10, CH-1004 Lausanne
Contact and articles : www.aqualide.ch
Book: The Flesh of the soul.
I. The notion of Facial Action Coding Units
• A facial action, as defined by Ekman et al. 2002, can be
described as the action of one or several muscles situated in a
part of the face.
• There is an action when there is a visible movement.
• Each action has:
• - A number ( 4 for frowning, 12 for smiling, etc.).
• - An intensity ( A for very weak, D for extreme intensity). 4D is extreme
frowning.
• - Symmetry (S for symmetry, R for only right side and L for only left side).
R4D means extreme frowning with the right eyebrow.
• What I call a chronic position is not coded in the FACS system.
For example a person may have eye brows which are
permanently pulled down and close to each other, as in
frowning.
Muscles of the
face
(From : Facial Action Coding
System. Investigator's Guide by
Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen
& Joseph C. Hager. Download
from: http://face-andemotion.com/dataface/facs/gui
de/FACSIV1.html
)
Units distinguished by th FACS system
AU Number FACS Name
Muscular Basis
1
Inner Brow Raiser
Frontalis, Pars Medialis
2
Outer Brow Raiser
Frontalis, Pars Lateralis
4
Brow Lowerer
Depressor Glabellae; Depressor Supercilli; Corrugator
5
Upper Lid Raiser
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
6
Cheek Raiser
Orbicularis Oculi, Pars Orbitalis
7
Lid Tightener
Orbicularis Oculi, Pars Palebralis
8
Lips Toward Each Other
Orbicularis Oris
9
Nose Wrinkler
Levator Labii Superioris, Alaeque Nasi
10
Upper Lip Raiser
Levator Labii Superioris, Caput Infraorbitalis
11
Nasolabial Furrow Deepener Zygomatic Minor
12
Lip Corner Puller
Zygomatic Major
13
Cheek Puffer
Caninus
14
Dimpler
Buccinnator
15
Lip Corner Depressor
Triangularis
16
Lower Lip Depressor
Depressor Labii
17
Chin Raiser
Mentalis
18
Lip Puckerer
Incisivii Labii Superioris; Incisivii Labii Inferioris
20
Lip Stretcher
Risorius
22
Lip Funneler
Orbicularis Oris
23
Lip Tightner
Orbicularis Oris
24
Lip Pressor
Orbicularis Oris
25
Lips Part
Depressor Labii, or Relaxation of Mentalis or Orbicularis Oris
26
Jaw Drop
Masetter; Temporal and Internal Pterygoid Relaxed
27
Mouth Stretch
Pterygoids; Digastric
28
Lip Suck
Orbicularis Oris
38
Nostril Dilator
Nasalis, Pars Alaris
39
Nostril Compressor
Nasalis, Pars Transversa and Depressor Septi Nasi
41
Lid Droop
Relaxation of Levator Palpebrae Superioris
42
Slit
Orbicularis Oculi
43
Eyes Closed
Relaxation of Levator Palpebrae Superioris
44
Squint
Orbicularis Oculi, Pars Palpebralis
45
Blink
Relaxation of Levator Palpebrae and Contraction of Orbicularis Oculi, Pars Palpebralis
46
Wink
Orbicularis Oculi
Table 1-1: Single Action Units (AU)
The table indicates where we have collapsed more than one muscle into a single Action Unit, or where we
have distinguished more than one Action Unit from a single muscle. The FACS names given in the table
are a shorthand, not meant to describe the appearance changes, but a convenience to call them to mind.
From : Facial Action Coding System.Investigator's Guide by Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen & Joseph C.
Hager. Download from: http://face-and-emotion.com/dataface/facs/guide/FACSIV1.html
Units distinguished by
the FACS system
Emotional expressions distinguished by FACS I. (Following information from Cohn et al. 2005)
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EMOTION PROTOTYPES MAJOR VARIANTS
Surprise
1+2+5B+26 / 1+2+5B+27 / 1+2+5B / 1+2+26 / 1+2+27 / 5B+26 / 5B+27
Fear
1 +2+4+5*+20*+25, 26, or 27 / 1+2+4+5*+25, 26, or 27 / 1+2+4+5*+L or R20*+25, 26, or 27 / 1+2+4+5* /
1+2+5Z, with or without 25, 26, 27 (no 4, but extreme 5)
5*+20* with or without 25, 26, 27
Happy
6+12*, 12C/D
Disgust
9, 9+16+15, 26 / 9+17
Contempt
10* / 10*+16+25, 26, 10+17
Anger
4+5*+7+10*+22+23+25,26 / 4+5*+7+l0*+23+25,26 / 4+5*+7+23+25, 26, 4+5*+7+17+23 / 4+5*+7+17+24 /
4+5*+7+23 / 4+5*+7+24
Any of the prototypes without any one of the following: AUs: 4, 5, 7, or 10.
Note how AU05 is important for anger, fear & surprise.
Sadness
• Introductory remarks:
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- Although weeping and tears are a common concomitant of sad expressions, tears
are not indicative of any particular emotion, as in tears of joy (Darwin 1872,
Chapter VI). Infants do not shed tears during the first two or three months, when
they are sad. This correlates with Rochat’s (2001) observation that during the first
6 weeks children do not seem to communicate with others, although their
behavior may be experienced as expressive.
- Intensity of sad expressions does not always correlate with intensity of sadness
(Kostić 2003).
Darwin (1872, Chapter VI) notes that there are two types of grief:
an expressive phase, and a deeper one which generates a lack of
expression
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A) Expressive phase (the one studied by Ekman)
- Children have prolonged expirations with short and rapid, almost spasmodic
inspirations (the breath is inhaled almost spasmodically), followed at somewhat more
advances age by sobbing. The manipulation of this dimension can make one cry.
- Screams with closed eyes and wrinkles around them, with compression of the eye balls.
- Opened mouth with retracted lips so that the mouth opening is square.
- AU01 is often present.
- AU17 + AU 11 (raised chin with deepening of the naso-labial fold)
A) Despair or deep sorrow (for Ekman this is more depression than sadness): silent
motionless grief
- Sitting motionless, with a gentle rock to and fro.
- Skin pales.
- Respiration is almost forgotten, but deep sighs are drawn.
- Prostration: collapsed muscles and dulled eyes.
Suzanna Block and the globality of expression
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The Darwinian stance on expression is that it mobilizes all the dimensions of the
organism, a fact which is particularly visible on an infant who expresses himself
using the body from head to feet as one expressive system.
An example of research from this perspective is that of Susanna Bloch (1989). She
tried to study which bodily activation could help actors to activate an emotion in
their organism. For example postures with tense muscles activated fear and anger,
while sadness, tenderness and joy could mostly be situated by relaxed postures.
In the case of sadness, effective postures were usually closed postures, with
protection of the ventral surface and a curved spine, as well as limp or even
hypotonic muscle tone in certain areas.
Her work mostly focused on what breathing pattern induced a basic emotion. The
crucial elicitor for sadness is Darwin’s spasmodic inspiration.
Most efficient was the combination of facial, respiratory and postural emotional
traits.
Expressions of sadness
distinguished by FACS II
(Following information from Cohn et al. 2005)
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General configuration. AU: 1+4+6+11+15+17, at various intensities
1+4+11+15B with or without 54+64
1+4+15* with or without 54+64
6+15* with or without 54+64
1+4+11 with or without 54+64
1+4+15B with or without 54+64
1+4+15B+17 with or without 54+64
11+15B with or without 54+64, 11+17
25 or 26 may occur with all prototypes or major variants
• Table note: * means in this combination the AU may be at any level of
intensity.
• 54 is head oriented downwards, and 64 eyes oriented downwards.
Inner Brow Raiser (AU1)
Inner brow raiser & brow lowerer (AU 1 + 4)
(these and the follwing pictures are copied form the FACS Manual (Ekman, Friesen & Hager 2002)
Nasolabial Furrow Deepener (AU 11)
Lip corner depressor (AU 15)
Chin Raiser (AU 15)
Lip corner depressor & Chin Raiser (AU 15 + 17)
Cheek raisor & lip corner depressor & chin Raiser
(AU 06 + 15 + 17)
Suicide study (Heller et al. 2001)
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- 23 patients were filmed less than 48 hours after a suicide attempt. 11 made a
suicide attempt during a follow up period of 900 days, 12 made no further suicide
attempt in this period, to our knowledge.
This is list of the expressions observed during short filmed samples. The time is in
1/100 of a second unit (maximum is 4340, which is 43.40 seconds).
- In such circumstances sadness is expected. Except for a few examples, expressed
sadness is observed, but in this sample as well as in others we viewed, not
prevalent. As sadness was “in the air” most of the time, blended with other
emotional expressions (contempt, anger, fear, etc.), one would need to redefine
Darwin’s second type of despair, which has few facial components.
- Sadness does not alone one to distinguish patients who made other suicide
attempts from those that did not. The signs that correlated with suicide attempt
risk were not emotional expressions, as defined by Ekman (2007).
Sadness expressions Observed in our suicide study
samples (Heller et all. 2001)
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A) Clear sadness
S01B
S01C
S01D
S01B+S04B
S01B+S04D
S01B+S04C+S06C
S01B+S06B
S01B+S14B
S01D+S04B
S01D+S04D+S11B
A) Possible sadness
R11B
S01B+S04B+S10B+S26B
S11B
S11B+S20B
S11B+S20C
S11B+S26B
S11C
S11D
S15B
S15B+S24B
S15B+S26B
References
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- Bloch, Suzanna (1989). Emotions ressenties, émotions recréée. Science et Vie, 168: 68-75.
- Bloch, Susana. (2003). The Development of Alba Emoting. Idaho: Idaho University Press.
- Cohn, Jeffrey F.; Ambadar, Zara and Ekman, Paul (2005): Observer-Based Measurement of Facial
Expression with the Facial Action Coding System. In J. A. Coan & J. B. Allen (Eds.), The handbook of
emotion elicitation and assessment. Oxford University Press Series in Affective Science. New York:
Oxford.
- Darwin, Charles (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Oxford: Oxford university
press, 1998. (Ekman is the editor of this edition, and adds comments relating Darwin’s observations to
FACS.)
- Ekman, Paul (2007). Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication
and Emotional Life. Henry Holt & Company, Incorporated.
- Ekman, Paul; Friesen, Wallace V. & Simons, Ronald C. (1997): Is the Startle Reaction an Emotion? In
Ekman, Paul & Rosenberg, Erika L. (eds.): What the face reveals. Oxford, England : Oxford University
Press, pp. 21-35.
- Heller, M.; Haynal-Reymond, V.; Haynal, A. & Archinard, M. (2001). Can Faces Reveal Suicide Attempt
Risks? In M. Heller (ed.), The flesh of the soul. The body we work with: 231-256. Bern: Peter Lang.
- Kostić, Aleksandra (2003): The accuracy of intensity ratings of emotions from facial expressions.
Psychologija, 2003, Vol. 36 2: 157-166. www.scindeks.nbs.bg.ac.yu/pdfovi/0048-57050302157K.pdf.
- Rochat, P. (2001). The infant's world. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
- Scherer, K.R. & Ellgring, H. (2007). Multimodal expression of emotions: affect programs or
componential appraisal patterns? Emotion, 7, 1: 158-171.
www.affectnet.unige.ch/system/files/2007_Scherer_Emotion_Multimodal.pdf