Transcript Document

Jefferson’s vision
Society of sturdy, independent
farmers who were happily free from
the workshops, the industrial towns,
and the city mobs of Europe
System of universal education
Cultural outlook that emphasized
localism and republican simplicity
Federal government with limited power
Most authority in states
Did they succeed?
Not really
Vision became obsolete
Diversified and more complex economy
Growing cities, surging commerce, and
expanding industrialism made ideal of a
simple, agrarian society impossible to
maintain
Did manage to dismantle much of the
Federalist bureaucratic power
Judith Sargent Murray’s
Thesis
Men and women were
equal in intellect and
potential. Women
therefore should have
precisely the same
educational opportunities as men.
Also should have same opportunities in
the workplace
Jefferson’s vision of
Native Americans
Noble savages
(uncivilized but not
necessarily inferior)
Hoped schooling
Native Americans in
white culture would
tame and uplift tribes
Higher Education
Less available
1 white man in 1000
Prosperous, propertied
families
Clergy: only profession
for which college
training was a
prerequisite
Medicine
Rush founded first medical
school at Univ. of PA
Most apprenticed to an
existing practitioner
Benj. Rush
Efforts to teach anatomy
met with public hostility
Rush: lack of sanitation programs caused
spread of disease;
Bleeding & purging
National Culture
Jedidiah Morse
Geography Made Easy
Noah Webster
American students should be
educated as patriots
American Spelling Book
Americanized system of spelling
C. B. Brown
W. Irving
Mercy O. Warren
Deism, universalism and Unitarianism
Deism: God exists, but is a remote entity
who, after creating the universe, withdrew from direct involvement with the
human race and its sins
Unitarianism: rejected predestination
Salvation available to all
Rejected Trinity (Jesus not Son of God)
Second Great Awakening
Timothy Dwight
Peter Cartwright
Second Great Awakening
Basic thrust: individuals must readmit
God into daily lives, must embrace a
fervent, active piety, must reject
skeptical rationalism
The SGA combined a more active piety
with a belief that God was an active
force in the world whose grace could
be attained through faith and good works
J. Watt
Disciplined, routinized work with a fixed and
rigid schedule
Moses Brown and Samuel Slater
British prevented export of textile machinery
or emigration of skilled mechanics
Slater, a mechanic who did emigrate and built
A spinning mill for Brown in Pawtucket, RI
First modern factory in America
Eli Whitney
England: enormous demand
For cotton
Long-staple (Sea Island)
easy to separate seeds;
grew successfully only
along the coasts;
Short-staple—sticky green
seeds were hard to remove;
but could grow inland
Cotton Engine performed cleaning task
quickly and efficiently; cotton growing
soon spread to upland South
Eli Whitney’s Other Contributions
Devised a machine to make each part of a
musket according to an exact pattern. Tasks
could be divided among several workers and
one laborer could assemble
a weapon out of parts made by many others
As early as 1793, US merchant fleet and
foreign trade larger than any European
nation, other than Great Britain
Robert Fulton
The Clermont
Turnpikes
Toll roads with
hard-packed
surface of crushed
rock
Privately funded to
produce profits
Therefore construction costs had to be low—
roads were relatively short
Washington, D. C.
Designed by Pierre L’Enfant
Abusive climate
Republicans allowed the city to remain
raw, inhospitable
Jefferson’s intellectual and political assets
Brilliant and charming
conversationalist
Writer of great literary skills
One of nation’s most
intelligent and creative people
Architect, educator, inventor,
scientific farmer, philosopher
Shrewd and practical politician
Great lengths to eliminate the
aura of majesty surrounding the presidency
Reversing public debt
Albert Gallatin, Secretary of
the Treasury was key
Congress abolished all internal
taxes
Customs duties and sale of
western lands only sources of revenue
Gallatin drastically reduced government
spending
Cut staffs (Jefferson cut social spending)
Cut national debt almost in half
Jefferson’s Military Policies
Scaled down size of armed
forces
Army: 4,000 to 2,500
Navy: 25 ships to 7 plus
officers & sailors
Did establish the United States Military
Academy at West Point, New York
Jefferson’s Military Policies
What was my rationale in
cutting the armed forces?
Anything but the smallest of standing armies
might menace civil liberties and civilian
control of government. A large navy might
promote overseas commerce, which should
be secondary to agriculture.
War with Barbary Pirates
Jefferson re-built the U. S. fleet; agreement
ended tribute payments but paid $60,000
ransom for release of hostages
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Jefferson repealed
Judiciary Act of 1801
Adams had made
“midnight appointments”
One was William Marbury:
Justice of the Peace for Washington, D. C.
Secretary of State’s job to deliver
commissions
Madison: new Secretary of State, refused to
deliver Marbury’s commission
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
John Marshall Court held
Marbury had a right to his
commission, but the
Court, as stipulated in the
Judiciary Act of 1789, had
no right to order Madison to deliver it
Congress had exceeded its authority in
including that power in the Judiciary Act of
1789
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
With the Marshall Court’s
ruling, it gave itself the
power to nullify an act of
Congress—Judicial Review
Established the Judiciary
as a branch of government co-equal with the
executive and legislative—a position that
the founders of the republic had never
clearly indicated it should occupy.
Impeachment of Samuel Chase
Republican leaders unable to get
necessary 2/3 vote for
conviction in Senate
Acquittal helped establish that
impeachment would not become
a routing political weapon, that something
more than partisan disagreement should
have to underlie the process
Louisiana Purchase
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson: purchase New
Orleans
Robert Livingston, with
James Monroe, proposed, on
his own authority, that the U. S. purchase all
of Louisiana
$15 million (2 cents an acre), French certain
exclusive commercial privileges in New
Orleans, & U. S. incorporate Louisiana into
union with same rights and privileges
Jefferson’s quandary
Strict Constitutionalist
Federal government
could rightfully exercise
only those powers
explicitly assigned to it
Nowhere did the Constitution say anything
about acquiring new territory. His advisors
persuaded him that his treaty-making power
under the Constitution would justify the
purchase.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Meriweather Lewis William Clark
Sacajawea
Mission: cross the
continent to the
Pacific Ocean
Gather geological
facts
Investigate prospects
for trade with Native
Americans
Burr-Hamilton Duel--1804
The Burr Conspiracy
Aaron Burr
J. Wilkinson
J. Marshall
The Burr Conspiracy clearly indicated that the
legitimacy of the federal government and the
existence of the U. S. as a stable and united
nation remained to be fully established.
Effects of Napoleon’s Continental System
U. S. caught in the middle—both British and
French policies violated U. S. neutrality
British impressment of American sailors
British claimed the right
to stop & search
U. S. merchant ships
and re-impress
deserters. Violated
own police that they
would not touch native-born Americans
Chesapeake-Leopard Incident
Capt. Barron refused to
allow British to search
his navy frigate
British attacked; U. S.
sailors killed/wounded
Barron surrendered
Sailors removed
Jefferson expelled all British warships from
U. S. waters
U. S.: British must renounce impressments
Embargo of 1807
Jefferson: embargo on
exports to other countries
Hurt U.S. business more
than British
Serious national depression
Hardest hit: NE merchants &
shipbuilders
Congress lifted embargo 1809
Tecumseh
Brother of Tenskwatawa the Prophet
Leader of secular efforts
(political and military)
Recognized that only
in united action could
the tribes hope to
resist the advance of
white civilization. Set out to unite all the
Native Americans of the Mississippi Valley
The Battle of Tippecanoe
W. H. Harrison
Disillusioned many of the Prophet’s followers;
confederacy in disarray
Southerners and Florida
Continuing threat to whites
in Southern U. S.
Slaves escaped across border
Frequent Indian raids launched into
Southern U. S. from Florida
Rivers in FL could provide residents of
the U. S. Southwest access to ports of
the Gulf of Mexico
Spain was Britain’s ally
War hawks. . .
Henry Clay (KY)
Speaker of House
John C. Calhoun (SC)
Demanded war with Great Britain
War of 1812
War of 1812
U. S. military unprepared for war; British
preoccupied with war against France
(Napoleon)
Highlights of the War:
U. S. attempts to invade Canada failed
Tecumseh killed 1813 at Battle of the
Thames (disheartened Native Americans
of Northwest)
War of 1812
1813: Oliver Hazard Perry—defeated
British fleet on Lake Erie
U. S. also took control of Lake Ontario
and burned York (Toronto)
War of 1812
British burn Washington D.C. in
August 1814. Capitol and White
House burned.
War of 1812
Battle of Fort McHenry—
Baltimore, MD Harbor
Francis Scott Key
Star Spangled
Banner
War of 1812
January 8, 1815—American victory at
Battle of New Orleans
Andrew Jackson
War of 1812
January 8, 1815—American victory at
Battle of New Orleans
British:
700 KIA
1,400 WIA
500 POW
U. S.
8 KIA
13 WIA
Hartford Convention
Federalist delegates from
New England
Hinted at secession
Reasserted right of
nullification
Proposed 7 Amendments
to the Constitution
End of war: Federalist Party seemed futile,
irrelevant and even treasonable
Killed Federalist Party & ended first party syst.
Dec. 24, 1814—Treaty of Ghent
War ends
U. S. gave up demand for British renunciation
of impressments and cession of Canada
British: no Indian buffer state
Elbridge Gerry
Gerrymandering
Forces that
drew the
nation together
Remarkable
economic
growth
Vigorous
nationalism
Memories of the Revolution
Veneration of Constitution & framers
Belief that America had a special
destiny in the world
Vibrant patriotism
July 4, 1826
50th anniversary of the Declaration of
Independence, Jefferson & Adams die
about 2 hours apart
Need for 2nd Bank of the U. S.
Large number of state
banks
Many issued more notes
than they had gold or
silver to support
A wide variety of banknotes, widely differing in
value
An unstable system of
banking
Strengths of 2nd Bank of the U. S.
More capital than its
predecessor
Size and power enabled
it to dominate the state
banks
It could compel them to
issue only sound notes
or risk being forced out
of business
Francis Cabot Lowell
Power loom
Founded first mill in U. S. to
carry on the process of spinning
and weaving under
one roof
Lowell Mill, Waltham, MA
Tariff of 1816
Infant industries cried out for protection
against British industries who unloaded
manufactured goods in the U. S. priced
below cost
Protectionists—limited competition from
abroad
Against: Southern and western agricultural
interests
The theory of tariffs: what goes around comes
around
National Road
Steam-powered
shipping
Great Lakes
Mississippi and
Ohio Rivers
Up and down
Stimulated
agricultural economy
of South & West
Access to markets
at reduced costs
Eastern manufacturers
ship finished goods
west more easily
Internal transportation
Calhoun: bill that would
Have used funds owed
to the government by
the Bank of the U. S.
to finance internal
improvements
Congress passed but
Madison vetoed
Thought a
constitutional
amendment
necessary
Importance of westward movement of white pop.
Profound effect on nation’s economy
Vast new regions into the emerging capitalist system
Great political ramifications
Intermingling of cultures
Key factors drawing Americans westward
Nation’s population doubled 1800-1820
Most farmers but eastern lands now occupied
South: limited opportunities for new settlers
Native American population diminished
Cotton and the South
Black Belt of central
Alabama and
Mississippi—a vast
prairie with a dark,
productive soil of rotted
limestone
At first, ordinary people
Later, wealthier planters
bought up the cleared
or partially cleared land
Post-War of 1812 New States
William Becknell
John Jacob Astor
Great American Desert
Era of Good Feelings
Pres. James Monroe
End of First Party System
No major international
threats
Cabinet: included both
northerners and
southerners
J. Q. Adams
J. C. Calhoun
Goodwill tour or nation
Re-elected without
opposition in 1820
The Virginia Dynasty
Washington
Jefferson Madison Monroe
Springboard to the presidency?
Secretary of State
Andrew Jackson in Florida
Orders from Calhoun:
“Adopt necessary
measures” to stop
raids by Seminoles
Jackson invaded FL,
Seized Spanish forts, &
ordered the hanging of
two British subjects on the charge of inciting
and supplying Seminoles
Adams: U. S. had the right under international
law to defend itself against threats from
across its borders
Panic of 1819
High foreign demand for
U. S. farm goods
High prices led to
Land boom in West
Fueled by speculation
Land prices soared
1819: new management
of Bank of U. S. tightened
credit, called in loans and
foreclosed on mortgages
Many state banks failed
Six years of depression
Missouri Compromise
Missouri Compromise
Tallmadge Amendment
Missouri statehood bill
Prohibit further introduction
of slaves into MO
Provided for gradual
emancipation of those
already there
Southerners in Congress
threatened to block Maine
statehood
Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay brokered the
compromise
Maine enters as a free state and
Missouri as a slave state
Senator Jesse B. Thomas of IL
Amendment prohibiting slavery
in remainder of Louisiana
Territory north of southern
boundary of Missouri (36
degrees, 30 feet north latitude)
Missouri Compromise
John Marshall
Chief Justice 35 years
Dominated court as no one
else before or since
Federalist among Republicans
Molded the development of the
Constitution
Strengthened judicial branch at the expense
of the legislative and executive branches
Increased power of federal government over
the states
Key Decisions of Marshall Court
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Monroe Doctrine
U. S. protect profitable
trade with South America
Time of revolutions in
South America
1822—U. S. established
diplomatic relations
with 5 new nations
The U. S. would
consider any foreign
challenge to the
sovereignty of any
existing American nation
an unfriendly act
The Election of 1824
J. Q. Adams
H. Clay
Crawford
Jackson
President John Quincy Adams
Jacksonians in Congress
prevented him from securing
appropriations for his
nationalist program
(similar to American System)
Diplomatic frustrations:
delayed Panama Conference
team due to objections by southerners due
to Black delegates from Haiti
Tariff of Abominations
The Election of 1828
Similar to the election
of 2004