Transcript Tuxedo - University of California, San Diego

Status of IFE Chamber Research
and Power Plant Studies
reported by:
M. S. Tillack
with contributions from:
F. Najmabadi
UC San Diego
W. R. Meier
Lawrence Livermore National Lab
S. Abdel-Khalik
Georgia Institute of Technology
A. R. Raffray
UC San Diego
C. L. Olson
Sandia National Lab
1st meeting of the FESAC subcommittee on IFE
Oct. 27-28, 2003
Overview
1.
Power plant studies
– Historical background
– Recent studies: ARIES-IFE, HI RPD, ZFE
– Future plans
2.
Chamber research programs
–
–
–
–
Dry walls and chambers
Thin liquid wall protection
Thick liquid wall chambers
Program status and needs
Part I: Power plant studies
Power plant studies:
from SOLASE to the present
pre-1990
1990-91
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are needed to see this picture.
2000 and beyond:
ARIES-IFE, RDP
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1990’s
DPSSL
post-2000:
– ARIES-IFE
– RPD
– ZFE
HYLIFE-II
Modern power plant studies provide self-consistency,
innovations, and assessments to guide R&D
Utility Input
Present Data Base
and Designs
Mission
and Goals
Design Options
Characterization
of Critical Issues
Feasibility
Evaluation Based on
Customer Attributes
Attractiveness
Redesign
Assessment
R &D Needs
Development Plan
ARIES integrated IFE chamber analysis
and assessment research was a 3-year
exploration study, recently completed
Objectives:


Analyze & assess integrated and self-consistent IFE chamber concepts
Understand trade-offs and identify design windows for promising
concepts. The research was not aimed at developing a point design.
Approach:

Six classes of realistic target were identified. Advanced target designs
from NRL (laser-driven direct drive) and LLNL (Heavy-ion-driven
indirect-drive) were used as references.

To make progress, the activity was divided based on 3 chamber classes:
• Dry wall chambers;
• Solid wall chambers protected with a “sacrificial zone” (such as liquid
films);
• Thick liquid walls.

These classes of chambers were researched in series with the entire team
focusing on each.
Max.Equilibrium Wall Temp. to Avoid
Vaporization (C)
ARIES-IFE – Design windows were developed
for direct-drive dry-wall chambers
3500
Graphite Chamber Radius of 6.5m
Thermal design window
 Detailed target emissions
 Transport in the chamber
including time-of-flight spreading
 Transient thermal analysis of
chamber wall
 No gas is necessary
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Xe Density (Torr)
Laser propagation
design window(?)
 Experiments on NIKE
0.4
0.5
0.6
Target injection design window
 Heating of target by radiation and
friction
 Constraints:
 Limited rise in temperature
 Acceptable stresses in DT ice
Two methods for establishment of thin-liquid walls were
studied in ARIES: wetted film and forced film
(more details in the R&D section)
Liquid Injection
First Wall
Detachment Distance xd
~5m
X-rays
and Ions
Issues:
•
Can a stable liquid film be established and reestablished over the entire surface of the reactor
cavity (including penetrations)?
•
Can a minimum film thickness be maintained to
provide adequate protection over subsequent
target explosions?
•
Can aerosol and droplet production be avoided?
ARIES also examined concepts based on
thick liquid walls with heavy ion beams
• Studies of structural materials choices and limits
 If a 300 series SS is required as a near-term base line for the design, then Ti-modified 316SS
(PCA) should be used.
 However, it was strongly recommended to consider alternate structural material candidates
(FS and SiC/SiC) offering the possibility of higher operating temperature & performance.
• Aerosol concerns
(similar to thin liquids)
were highlighted. Flow
conditioning and careful
nozzle design are
needed to control the
hydrodynamic source.
• Studies of ion transport
modes indicate several
feasible options.
T ra n sp or t
M od e
C ham b er
C on ce pt
Dr y- w all
~6 m eters to wa ll
W ett ed -w all
~ 4 -5 m eters to wa ll
T hi ck-l iquid w all
~ 3 me te rs to w a ll
B alli sti c Tr an spo rt
P in ch Tr an spo rt
ch a m be r h o les ~ 5 c m rad ius
m os t stu d ied
ch a m be r h o les ~ 0.5 cm rad iu s
hi g h er risk , hi g h er payo ff
Vac uum -b a lli sti c
vac uum
No t co nsi de re d n ow :
re qui re s ~500 or m ore
b ea m s
H IBA L L (1981 )
No t co nsi de re d :
n ee d s  0.1 m T orr
lea d s t o Ò Ò Ò
No t co nsi de re d :
n ee d s  0.1 m T orr
lea d s t o Ò Ò Ò
Ne ut ra li ze d- ba llis tic
p las m a ge n era to rs
AR IE S-IF E (2002 )
P oss ibl e o p tio n:
bu t tig ht er co n stra in ts
o n va c uum a nd b ea m
emi tta n ce
O SI R IS-H IB (1992 )
AR IE S-IF E (2002 )
P oss ibl e o p tio n:
bu t tig ht er co n stra in ts
o n va c uum a nd b ea m
emi tta n ce
HY L IFE II ( 1992-now )
AR IE S-IF E (2002 )
Ma in- lin e ap pr oac h :
u se s p re -for m ed pl as m a
a nd 1 m T orr for 3 m
~50 -200 bea m s
P re form e d c h ann el
(Òassist ed pin ch Ó)
las e r + z- di sch arg e
S elf -pin ch ed
o nl y ga s
AR IE S-IF E (2001 )
O P T IO N :
u se s 1 -10 Torr
AR IE S-IF E (2001 )
O P T IO N :
u se s 1 -100 m T orr
2 bea m s
~2 -100 b ea m s
AR IE S-IF E (2001 )
O P T IO N :
u se s 1 -10 Torr
2 bea m s
AR IE S-IF E (2002 )
P R O MET H E U S-H
(1992)
AR IE S-IF E (2001 )
O P T IO N :
u se s 1 -100 m T orr
~2 -100 bea m s
AR IE S-IF E (2002 )
O P T IO N :
u se s 1 -10 Torr
O P T IO N :
u se s 1 -100 m T orr
2 bea m s
~2 -100 bea m s
The Robust Point Design shows that a multibeam induction linac driver can meet detailed
target and focusing requirements
• The goal of this 18-month VNL effort was
self-consistency, not optimization for cost.
• Opportunities still exist to optimize this
approach to reduce driver cost and COE
• Fusion Sci. Tech. 44 Sept. 2003, 266-273.
Isometric view illustrating the coupling of
final focus magnet array with the chamber
(courtesy of Tom Brown, PPPL)
A Z-Pinch IFE power plant concept was
developed recently (see presentation by C. L. Olson)
REPLACEABLE
E N E R G Y A B S O R B IN G
SHELL
PLUNGER
IN S U L A T O R
STACK
P U L S E D P O W E R D R IV E R
R TL
T a rg e t
M O L T E N F L IB E
TUNG STEN
H E M IS P H E R IC A L
SHELL FOR ENERGY
R E F L E C T IO N
F L IB E
JE TS
L IQ U ID M E T A L /
M O LTEN SALT
POOL
P O O L A N D D E B R IS
M O M EN TU M
D IF F U S E R
F L IB E
PUMP
L A R G E P A R T IC U L A T E
C O L L E C T IO N S
SYSTEM
C R U C IB L E
TO HEAT EXCH ANG ER
In addition, a variety of assessment studies
are performed to help guide R&D
Safety and Environmental
Considers noncondensible gas effects
8
Leak
Filtered
Dried
Heat transfer
to structures
Conservation
of mass,
momentum
and energy
for both
liquid and
vapor phases
Heavy ion driver. Net power = 1.1 GWe
Aerosol
transport and
deposition
Suppression
pools, heat
exchangers,
valves, pumps,
etc.
MELCOR code has been used for
IFE safety studies to help guide
choice of materials (e.g., hohlraum)
and improve safety of plant and
target factory designs.
C O E (C ents /kW eh)
(¢/kWe)
COE
Flow between volumes
considers friction, form
losses and chocking
Economic
Central
ignition
6
Fast
ignition
4
2
0
0
5
10
Driver energy (MJ)
COE for HIF plant: fast ignition vs.
conventional central ignition
System studies are use to determine
impact of advances in science and
technology and identify to high
leverage R&D.
The future of IFE power plant studies
• ARIES-IFE was terminated by OFES
 R&D needs were defined, and are incorporated in the program
 IFE studies could be revisited if funding becomes available
• Assessments will continue in the IFE technology program
• Heavy-ion fusion power plant designs are expected to
continue to evolve under the auspices of the VNL
• HAPL is planning an integrated concept study in Phase-II
• SNLA is planning to starting a POP phase in FY04, which
includes a coordinated, multi-institutional study of ZFE
power plants
Part II: Chamber technology R&D
Dry wall chamber R&D is now supported
mainly by HAPL
• Main advantages of dry walls
 Best hope for direct drive
 Possibility of accommodating constraints from direct drive target injection/survival and
driver propagation
 MFE/IFE overlap minimizes development costs
 Can learn from MFE armor R&D results for off-normal operation
 FW+Blanket see quasi steady-state conditions - full use of MFE design and R&D effort
• Key Issues
 Simultaneously satisfy armor lifetime
and target & driver propagation
requirements
 Nature of threats (energy transport in
chamber)
 Pre-shot chamber conditions
 Pulsed thermal and radiation damage
effects
 He implantation
 Fabrication/bond integrity
Experiments and modeling are underway to
characterize damage mechanisms and develop
improved materials
• Limits on cyclic ion fluence and
100
Ra W
Ra W untreat
Ra Mo
- Thermal cycling in laser (UCSD) and IR
(ORNL) facilities
• He implantation/release and effects
experiments and modeling
• Material development to enhance
lifetime
- Front runner: W armor and FS structure
- Engineered material (e.g. castellated or
porous layer) to better accommodate local
thermal stress and to enhance helium release
- Information on materials behavior is also
provided from international MFE R&D
programs
10
RHEPP experiments (SNLA)
a
- Tests at RHEPP for ions, XAPPER for x-rays
R (microns)
heating in armor materials:
~500 kV, 200 ns, 15 J/cm2
1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
2
Fluence (J.cm )
Ablation
Depth
(mm)
No net ablation, but
surface roughening
Net
Ablation
Threshold for
roughening
F(J/cm2)
Threshold for ablation
4
Chamber physics and interfaces with targets
and drivers are also studied
10000
• Threat characterization (LASNEX,
• Chamber dynamic response and
clearing (SPARTAN)
• Target and driver interfaces
co n d u ctio n o n ly
p re ss u re [P a]
BUCKY)
n o d iffu sio n
1000
 Target survival and transport in chamber
 Effect of chamber gas on laser propagation
 In-chamber target tracking and beam steering
t = 5 ms
Tmax= 15.5 X 104 K
t = 50 ms
Tmax= 8.15 X 104 K
100
10
0
0 .0 2
0 .0 4
0 .0 6
0 .0 8
tim e [s ]
Spartan simulation of gas pressure on
final optic shows forces are very small
0 .1
Blankets for dry and thin-liquid protected walls:
beyond the first mm, issues are similar to MFE
•
•
Beyond ~1 mm, FW sees quasi
steady state temperature
Beyond ~1 mm, issues for FW/blankets
are similar to MFE; can exploit
information from international design
and R&D programs, e.g.
–
–
Ceramic breeder, Pb-17Li, Li, Flibe as
breeding materials
FS and ODS FS as structural material
EU Dual Coolant Concept (FZK
evolution of an ARIES design)
Thin-liquid protection issues were studied in
ARIES
 Advantages
 Handles much higher instantaneous heat fluxes compared with solid
surfaces.
 Eliminates damage to the armor/first wall due to high-energy ions.
 Issues
 Fluid-dynamic aspects (establishment and maintenance of
the film)
“Wetted wall:” Low-speed normal injection through a porous surface
“Forced film:” High-speed tangential injection along a solid surface
 Chamber clearing
Source term: both vapor and liquid can be ejected
Super-saturated state of the chamber leads to aerosol generation
Target injection and driver propagation lead to severe constraints on the
acceptable amount and size of aerosol in the chamber.
Penetration Depth [mm]
Experiments and modeling were performed to
characterize droplet penetration depth and
detachment time
Experiment
Simulation
Time [sec]
zo
s
Film detachment length was studied for various
flow conditions
 = 1 mm
180
1.5 mm
2 mm
 = 0
160
xd [cm]
140
120
1 mm nozzle
8 GPM
10.1 m/s
10° inclination
Re = 9200
100
80
60
Plexiglas
(LS = 70°)
40
20
Flat
Curved
0
0
500
1000
1500
We
2000
2500
3000
Aerosol concerns are common to all liquidprotected chambers
• Homogeneous nucleation and
10–6 Torr
10–1 Torr
1 Torr
growth from the vapor phase
– Supersaturated vapor
– Ion-seeded vapor
– Impurity-seeded vapor
UCSD work on condensation physics
• Phase decomposition from
the liquid phase
– Thermally driven phase
explosion
– Pressure driven fracture
• Hydrodynamic droplet
GIT work on droplet ejection
PP
HC
FS
formation (flow conditioning)
Some chamber materials research qualifies as
“HED”
• By definition, HED > 1011 J/m3
• X-ray pulse in HYLIFE: ~1012 J/m3 (@3 m)
• Spinodal decomposition and shock-driven
fracture are example of resulting phenomena
Spinodal decomposition of Si (Craciun)
Liquid fracture from tensile shock reflection
Thick liquid-wall chambers:
HYLIFE-II is prime example
• Thick liquid “pocket” shields
HYLIFE-II requires
several jet and flow
geometries:
Crossing jets form
beam ports
chamber structures from neutron
damage and reduces activation
• Ocsillating jets dynamically clear
droplets near target (clear path
for next pulse)
Oscillating jets
form main pocket • Lifetime of FW can be greatly
extended, possibly for life-ofplant, depending on material
choice and liquid thickness
• Well suited to indirect-drive
targets, currently favored by HIF
(and Z-pinch) community
Vortices shield
beamline penetrations
• Preferred liquid: LiF-BeF2 (Flibe)
Key issues and development needs for thick
liquid chambers*
• Key issues: fluid dynamics, high-rep rate operation
•
(condensation, re-establish protective blanket, drops)
Development needs
– Validation of chamber dynamics
• Recovery of protective blanket configuration in inter-pulse time
• Recovery of vapor conditions to allow beam propagation/focus
and target injection/tracking
• Tolerable cyclic loading on first-wall
– Validation of first wall/blanket
• Material selection (radiation damage life, activation, corrosion
considerations, hohlraum material recovery)
– Maintenance/replacement
• Design for nozzle replacement and first wall if necessary
*Fusion Science and Technology, 44, 27-33 (July 2003).
Substantial R&D has been performed to
demonstrate our ability to establish the flows
UCB
Re>100,000
Vortices
Highly smooth
cylindrical jets
Flow conditions approach correct Reynolds
and Weber numbers for HYLIFE-II
Slab jet arrays
with disruptions
UC Berkeley
Surface Position (mm)
Example: Results from disruption experiments
confirm shock absorbing effect of jet array
UC Berkeley
Liquid wall development facilities –
current and future
•
•
Current: university experiments on liquid jets,
condensation, modeling of fluid dynamics, vapor
flow, etc.
Next steps: larger scale flow loop(s) with molten
salt to test
–
–
–
–
Full-scale jets
High velocity injection, nozzles
Chemistry and material recovery (e.g., target debris)
Cyclic thermal and mechanical loading
• Neutron effects tests will be conducted in an ETF
– Liquid response to isochoric heating
– Tritium breeding
– Neutron damage testing of materials
Closing remarks:
The status of IFE chamber research
• In IFE, chamber research is well integrated into
the overall program.
• Several chamber options are being developed
under different programs in a coordinated way.
• Opportunities to perform “good science” abound:
Hydrodynamics, phase change physics, radiation
transport,materials science, etc.
Extras
ARIES-IFE: An integrated assessment of
chambers and interfaces (2000-2003)
Target
Designs
Characterization
of target yield
Chamber
Concepts
Characterization
of chamber response
Target fabrication,
injection, and tracking
Driver
Chamber
environment
Final optics &
chamber propagation
Assess & Iterate
Chamber R&D:
Data base
Critical issues
E n er gy d ep ositi on (J/m 3 )
Depth of Flibe released, R=6.5 m
1x10
12
1x10
11
Cohesion energy (total evaporation energy)
1x10
10
1x10
1x10
1x10
0.9 Tcritical
Sensible energy (energy to reach saturation)
9
8
Evap.
region
Explosive
boiling
region
2-phase region
7
0
2.5
4.1
5
Penetration depth (micron)
10 10.4
15
81 journal articles, 18 reports since Oct. 2001
List of Publications, IFE Technology Group
(October 2001 – February 2003)
Referred Journals and Conference Proceedings
1. S. I. Abdel-Khalik and M. Yoda, “Fluid dynamic aspects of thin liquid film protection concepts,” Ibid.
2. N. Alexander, “Layering of IFE Targets Using a Fluidized Bed”, 2nd IAEA Technical Meeting on Physics and Technology
of IFE Targets and Chambers (San Diego, CA), Fusion Science & Technology, 43(3), (2003).
3. Anderson, J. K., Durbin, S. G., Sadowski, D. L., Yoda, M. and Abdel-Khalik, S. I., “Experimental studies of high-speed
liquid films on downward facing surfaces”, 2nd IAEA Technical Meeting on Physics and Technology of IFE Targets and
Chambers (San Diego, CA), Fusion Science & Technology, 43(3), (2003).
4. C. V. Bindhu, S. S. Harilal, M. S. Tillack, F. Najmabadi, and A. C. Gaeris, "Energy Absorption and Propagation in Laser
Created Sparks," submitted to Journal of Physics B.
5. C. V. Bindhu, S. S. Harilal, M. S. Tillack, F. Najmabadi and A. C. Gaeris, “Laser propagation and energy absorption by an
argon spark,” Journal of Applied Physics 94 (in press, Dec 15, 2003 issue).
6. C. V. Bindhu, S. S. Harilal, M. S. Tillack, F. Najmabadi and A. C. Gaeris, “Energy absorption and propagation in laser
created sparks,” submitted to Applied Spectroscopy.
7. L. C. Cadwallader and J. F. Latkowski, “Preliminary Identification of Accident Initiating Events for IFE Power Plants,”
Presented at the 19th Symposium on Fusion Engineering, Atlantic City, NJ.
8. J. Dahlburg, “Target Fabrication - Its Role in High Energy Density Plasma Phenomena,” 2nd IAEA Technical Meeting on
Physics and Technology of IFE Targets and Chambers (San Diego, CA), Fusion Science & Technology, 43(3), (2003).
9. C.S. Debonnel, G.T. Fukuda, P.M. Bardet and P.F. Peterson, “Control of the Heavy-Ion Beam Line Gas Pressure and
Density in the HYLIFE Thick-Liquid Chamber,” Presented at ISFNT-6 Symposium in April 2002, Fusion Engineering and
Design, 63-64, (2002).
10. C.S. Debonnel and P.F. Peterson, “Revisited TSUNAMI simulations for the NIF mini-chamber,” presented at the Third
International Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications (IFSA2003), Monterey, CA, September 7-12, 2003.
11. C.S. Debonnel, S. Yu and P.F. Peterson, “Evaporation, Venting, and Condensation for the HIF Robust Point Design,”
presented at the Third International Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications (IFSA2003), Monterey, CA,
September 7-12, 2003.