Transcript Grant’s Black Friday

Gilded Age
Segregation and Social Tensions
Essential Questions
E.Q. 13 – Describe the economic disparity among farmers, wage
earners, immigrants, or racial groups when compared to industrial
capitalists.
E.Q. 15 - Explain the impact of different forms of corruption and its
consequences in American politics during the later half of the Age.
E.Q. 17 - Determine the progress of political and social reform in
America during the Progressive Era.
E.Q. 19 – Compare and contrast the philosophies of DuBois,
Washington, and Garvey.
Objectives
Assess how whites created a segregated society in the South
and how African American responded.
Analyze efforts to limit immigration and the effects.
Differentiate between various figures of opposition to African
America oppression.
Identify what led to the Grange Laws.
Discuss William Jennings Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” speech.
African Americans
Following the Civil War and Reconstruction, southern states
are allowed to reassert control over African Americans once
again.
Legislation aimed at disenfranchising blacks - deprived
of their legal rights
Jim Crow laws: laws that kept blacks and whites
segregated
ORGINS OF JIM CROW
Origin of phrase "Jim Crow" attributed to "Jump Jim Crow", a songand-dance caricature of blacks performed by white actor Thomas D.
Rice in blackface, surfaced in 1832 .
Rice acted like a buffoon, and spoke with an exaggerated and
distorted imitation of African American Vernacular English.
Northern states also had their Jim Crow Laws.
Prior to 1795 in Maine - a law prohibiting intermarriage between
whites and blacks
face curfew and travel restrictions. They were forbidden from
participating in the militia and they could not sit on juries.
THOMAS RICE - JIM CROW
Voting
15th Amendment: prohibited denying right to vote based on
“race, color, or previous condition of servitude (i.e. being a
slave)”
Southern states got sneaky and began passing other
“legal” measures such as: poll taxes, literacy tests, &
grandfather clauses (only citizens whose grandfathers
were registered to vote on January 1, 1867 could vote)
Or, resorted to illegal measures like violence
Segregation
Jim Crow: enforced segregation (railroad cars, restaurants,
jury boxes, cemeteries, schools, parks, beaches, and even
hospitals)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): landmark Supreme Court case
that ruled “separate but equal” was constitutional
- segregation in public places did not violate the
equal protection clause of the Fourteen Amendment
which prohibited states from violating the rights of their
citizens
Booker T. Washington
(1856 - 1915) : A former slave, he
eventually became an educator,
author, orator, and political leader.
Advocated African Americans
accommodating to Jim Crow laws
(instead of wasting time trying to
overturn them) and believed the
surest way to gain equal social rights
was to demonstrate “industry, thrift,
intelligence and property.”
Became first leader of Tuskegee
Institute
Voting was a privilege.
W.E.B. Du Bois
(1868 - 1963) Received Ph.D. from
Harvard University
Criticized Washington’s philosophies of
accommodating whites’ racism and
segregation
Proposed that blacks should demand
full and immediate equality and not
limit themselves to “merely” vocational
work
Voting was a right.
DuBois and Washington both supported
idea – African Americans should have
increased civil rights
Ida B. Wells
(1862 - 1931) Born into slavery
Became a schoolteacher
1892: After a mob attack on close
friends, wrote an editorial attacking
the practice of lynching in the South.
Lifelong crusade against lynching.
Reasons for lynched: failing to pay
debts, not appearing to give way to
whites, competing with whites
economically, being drunk in public
One idea that both Booker T. Washington and W.
E. B. Du Bois supported is that
A. African Americans should have increased civil rights
B. vocational training was the best approach to education
C. immigration was responsible for racial segregation
D. Jim Crow laws were needed to help African Americans
Write the question and YOUR complete answer on your
paper
Marcus Garvey
1887 – 1940 Jamaican-born black
nationalist
political leader, publisher, journalist,
entrepreneur, and orator
created 'Back to Africa' movement
and founded Black Star Line to
provide transportation to Africa
1914 founded the Universal Negro
Improvement Association (UNIA)
- encourage black economic
independence
Chinese Immigrants
Racial prejudice on West Coast
1879 - CA barred cities form hiring Chinese workers
Mobs of white workers attacking Chinese
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) - prohibited the immigration
of skilled and unskilled Chinese workers for a ten year period
- renewed in 1892, made permanent in 1902, repealed 1943
signed by President Chester A. Arthur
Mexican Americans
Arguments over who held land at the end of the Mexican-American
War (and after the signing of The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo) led to
bitter resentment between Mexicans & Americans.
In Southwest late 1880s and early 1890s in response to AngloAmerican land grabbers – squatters
Founded by brothers Juan Jose, Pablo, and Nicanor Herrera
Las Gorras Blancas: a groups of Mexicans especially upset about
loss of land, targeted properties of very large ranch owners; cut
holes in barbed wire, burned barns, scattered livestock, and
demonstrations of men on horseback, wearing white caps
Mexican Americans
GRANGE LAWS
1870s and 1880s Midwestern farmers earning a living difficult
Railroad companies charged high rates for transporting
farm products
- offered rebates to bigger shippers while charging higher
rates to smaller shippers
Grange Laws 1874 - established maximum rates railroad
companies and grain elevators could charge
State governments passed Grange Laws with goal of
protecting economic rights of farmers
SILVER or GOLD
silverite movement - free silver
- in favor of an inflationary monetary policy using the "free coinage of silver" as
opposed to the less inflationary gold standard
- use of both silver and gold as currency at the ratio of 16 to 1 (16 ounces of silver
would be worth 1 ounce of gold)
economists warned that the cheaper silver would drive the more expensive gold
out of circulation
Pro-gold: financial establishment of the Northeast, along with railroads,
factories and businessmen
Pro-silver: popular among farmers in the wheat belt (the western Midwest) and
the cotton belts (the Deep South), as well as silver miners in the West
WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN
two terms member of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
41st United States Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson
Democratic nominee for President
“Cross of Gold” Speech - July 9, 1896 - Democratic National Convention in Chicago
- “you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold".
dramatic speaking style and rhetoric roused the crowd to a frenzy
- one reporter - “came like one great burst of artillery.”
- The Akron Journal and Republican, no friend to Bryan, opined that "never probably has a
national convention been swayed or influenced by a single speech as was the national
Democratic convention".
William Jennings Bryan's Cross of Gold Speech
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeTkT5-w5RA
Judge magazine criticized Bryan for sacrilege in
his speech. He is shown with crown and cross, but
trampling the Bible.