LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE 20

TH

CENTURY

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN AMERICA

Warm-up

• Skim through pages 298-302, what are the technological advances shown in the photos?

• Which of these advances do you think had the greatest impact on life at the turn of the century? Why?

• What are some changes that could be made in modern American cities to make them more livable?

SCIENCE AND URBAN LIFE

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By the turn of the 20 th century, four out of ten Americans lived in cities In response to urbanization, technological advances began to meet communication, transportation, and space demands Artist Annie Bandez

SKYSCRAPERS

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Skyscrapers emerged after two critical inventions: elevators & steel skeletons that bear weight Famous examples include; Daniel Burnham’s Flatiron Building in NYC, Louis Sullivan’s Wainwright Building in St. Louis The skyscraper was America’s greatest contribution to architecture

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solved the issue of how to best use limited and expensive space Flatiron Building - 1902

Flatiron and Wainwright Buildings: Turn to page 299.

1) What urban improvements are visible in the picture?

2) Why do you think the flatiron building has a triangular shape?

ELECTRIC TRANSIT

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Changes in transportation allowed cities to spread outward

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By the turn of the century, intricate networks of electric streetcars – also called trolley cars –ran from outlying neighborhoods to downtown offices & stores

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Richmond Virginia, first city to electrify its transit

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People no longer have to walk to destination

“EL’S” AND SUBWAYS

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Congestion leads to modifications:

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A few large cities moved their streetcars far above street level, creating elevated or “el” trains

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Other cities built subways by moving their rail lines underground Leads to annexation and growth of large cities

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BRIDGES & PARKS

Steel-cable suspension bridges, like the Brooklyn Bridge, also brought cities’ sections closer

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John Roebling wanted to provide recreational opportunities on bridge Some urban planners sought to include landscaped areas & parks

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Frederick Law Olmsted was instrumental in drawing up plans for Central park, NYC Central Park is an oasis among Manhattan’s skyscrapers

Quick read – page 300 “Garden City”

• Why might nature and wildlife be important to city life?

• Can you identify a city or town that displays aspects of Howard’s plan?

CITY PLANNING: CHICAGO

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Daniel Burnham oversaw the transformation of Chicago’s lakefront from swampy wasteland to elegant parks strung along Lake Michigan

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Today Chicago’s lakefront is one of the most beautiful shorelines in North America

• • •

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

New developments in communication brought the nation closer Advances in printing, aviation, and photography helped speed the transfer of information Key Ideas:

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Airplanes revolutionize communications as well as transportation

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Advances in paper and printing spur the publication of newspapers, books, and magazines, while better photography enhances journalism

A REVOLUTION IN PRINTING

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By 1890, the literacy rate in the U.S. was nearly 90%

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American mills began to produce huge quantities of cheap paper from wood pulp

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Electrical web-perfecting presses printed on both sides of paper at the same time, invented by William Bullock

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Faster production and lower costs made newspapers and magazines more affordable (most papers sold for 1 cent)

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Ottomar Mergenthaler invents the Linotype Machine

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Speeding up typesetting

AIRPLANES

• • • • •

In the early 20 aircrafts th century, brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright, experimented with engines and They commissioned a four cylinder internal combustion engine, chose a propeller, and built a biplane On December 17, 1903 they flew their plane for 12 seconds covering 120 feet Within two years the brothers were making 30 minute flights By 1920, the U.S. was using airmail flights regularly Actual photo of Wright Brother’s first flight 12/17/03

1888 Kodak

PHOTOGRAPHY EXPLOSION

• • • • •

Before 1880, photography was a professional activity Subjects could not move and the film had to be developed immediately George Eastman invented lighter weight equipment and more versatile film In 1888, Eastman introduced his Kodak Camera The $25 camera came with 100-picture roll of film

Turn to page 302

• Read the Key Player section on George Eastman – Why do you think Eastman’s slogan and other sales methods were so effective with consumers?

Key Ideas – section 1

• Technology helps cities grow both upward and outward • The growth of cities prompts the new science of urban planning • Airplanes revolutionize communications as well as transportation • Advances in paper and printing spur the publication of newspapers, books, magazines, while better photography greatly enhances journalism

Final Thought for 8.1

• Turn-of-the-century technological advances spurred the growth of America’s cities and improved both transportation and communications.

Start-up 8.2

• Open your book to page 304 – What two trends does the graph show?

– What generalization can you make about education or illiteracy between 1870 and 1920?

– How might an educational system help a nation meet its social needs?

• •

SECTION 2: EXPANDING PUBLIC EDUCATION

Between 1865 and 1895, states passed laws requiring 12 to 16 weeks of annual education for students ages 8 14,

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However, the curriculum was poor and the teachers were usually not qualified However, the number of kindergartens expanded from 200 in 1880 to 3,000 in 1900

HIGH SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SOARS

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High schools expanded their curriculum to include science, civics and social studies By 1900 500,000 teen agers were enrolled in high schools Elroy High School Photo 1906

RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

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African Americans were mostly excluded from secondary education

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In 1890 less than 1% attended high school

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By 1910 that figured had reached only 3% African American school in the south about 1920

Key Ideas

• States try to improve and expand education to produce good citizens and skilled workers • High schools emerge as industrial work demands more educated workers • Discriminatory educational policy deny most African Americans equal education opportunities.

• • • •

EDUCATION FOR IMMIGRANTS

Unlike African Americans, immigrants were encouraged to go to school Most immigrants sent their children to public schools Also, thousands of adult immigrants attended night schools to learn English Turn to page 304 partner – answer skill builder question with a

Key Ideas

• Public Schools and employers attempt to Americanize immigrants • Some immigrants resist the pressure to abandon their native cultures.

– Catholic Schools start to emerge

EXPANDING HIGHER ED

• • •

In 1900, less than 3% of America’s youth attended college Between 1880 and 1920 college enrollments more than quadrupled Professional schools were established for law and medicine

Key Ideas

• Higher education greatly expands at the turn of the century, drawing students from mainly upper and middle class backgrounds • The college curriculum changes to suit the new technological age

Question

• How can the United States solve the issue of inequality between the races, using education as a tool? Meaning what would be the best way to help breakdown the wall of racism and inequality?

• • • • • •

AFRICAN AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES

After the Civil War, thousands of African Americans pursued higher education despite being excluded from white institutions African Americans founded Howard, Fisk, and Tuskegee Universities (founded by Booker T. Washington) W.E.B. Dubois founded the Niagara Movement, which sought liberal arts educations for all blacks

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Proposes the “Talented 10 th ” 1900 – out of 9.2million, only 3880 graduated from college. 1910 – 5% of whites in college, less than 1/3 of 1% of African Americans Booker T Washington – believed racism would end

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– opens Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. Trains mainly teachers and trades. W.E.B. Dubois

http://www.biography.com/peopl e/web-du-bois-9279924

Booker T. Washington

• “

No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem

” http://www.biography.com/peopl e/booker-t-washington-9524663

Key Idea

• African Americans establish colleges of their own to overcome their exclusion from most white schools.

PROMOTING FINE ARTS

Thomas Eakins was one of the main artists of the time. He embraced realism – an artistic school that aimed at portraying real life even in its grittier forms

• • • •

By 1900, free circulating Public libraries numbered in the thousands By 1900, most major cities had art galleries In the early 20 th century, the Ashcan School of American Art painted urban life focused on urban poverty and the working class – mainly

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Robert Henri main artist Art Galleries and librarires called “Poor Man’s University”

POPULAR FICTION

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“Dime” novels were popular & inexpensive

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Demand increases as literacy rates rise.

Most of these focused on adventure tales and heroes of the west Some readers preferred a more realistic portrayal from authors Mark Twain, Jack London, and Willa Cather

Key Ideas

• The expansion of education broadens Americans’ cultural horizons, with art galleries, libraries, and museums making culture available to more people • Many turn- of-the-century artists and writers embrace social realism, attempting to portray life as it is really lived.

• Increased literacy boosts sales of “dime novels” and other light fiction .

Closing Thought

• Education, which expanded to train the work force and teach good American citizenship, also led to new cultural achievements.

Warm-up

• Turn to page 311 and read the “Historical Spotlight” section – How did Washington believe equality should be gained?

– How did DuBois’s view differ from Washington’s?

– Have you ever been unfairly discriminated against?

http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/bf10_vid_bookert/

SECTION 3: SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION

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By the turn of the 20 th century, Southern States had adopted a broad system of legal discrimination

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Southern Whites regain power after reconstruction African Americans had to deal with voting restrictions, Jim Crow laws, Supreme Court set-backs, and physical violence

WHAT IS DISCRIMINATION?

• • Is the treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit

Discrimination involves:

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Beliefs : "This group of people is inferior because"

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Emotions : "I hate this group of people." Actions : "I will deny opportunity/hurt/kill members of this group."

VOTING RESTRICTIONS

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All Southern states imposed new voting restrictions and denied legal equality to African

•

Americans

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Literacy test Poll tax Grandfather clause

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January 1. 1867 Supreme Court – no action

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United States v Reese 1867

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JIM CROW LAWS

Southern states passed segregation laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities

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These laws came to be known as “Jim Crow Laws”, named after an old minstrel song Racial segregation was put into effect in schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems throughout the South

http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/bf10_vid_whowasjim/

Minstrel show ads, New York, 1847 and 1848. The minstrel show was a unique American art form that flourished in the North in the 1830s and 1840s. The content was racist and featured actors in blackface spoofing “darkies.” 45

Jim Crow

Lincoln set the Negro free; Why is he still in slavery? Why is he still in slavery? It's JIM CROW This is a land we call our own, Why does the Negro ride alone? Why does the Negro ride alone? It's JIM CROW When it's time to go to the poll Why does the Negro stay at home? Why does the Negro stay at home? It's JIM CROW Freedom for all, it is said – Free to suffer 'til he's dead Free to suffer 'til he's dead And JIM CROW If we believe in liberty Let’s put an end to slavery Let’s put an end to slavery And JIM CROW

1942 protest song The name “Jim Crow” was first used in 1832 for an exaggerated black character in a minstrel show. It quickly caught on as an offensive racial slur.

By the end of the 19th century, it had taken on a different meaning, and was used to describe the segregationist regimen that had spread throughout the South.

46

Black Codes & “Jim Crow” laws Southern states passed racist laws designed to undermine African Americans’ new legal rights. Many former Confederate officials were elected to state government positions, where they passed a series of laws known as the Black Codes. These laws created the foundation for the legal segregation of public facilities and the treatment of African Americans as second class citizens throughout the South. 47

EXAMPLES OF “JIM CROW” LAWS  Lunch Counters No persons, firms, or corporations, who or which furnish meals to passengers at station restaurants or station eating houses, in times limited by common carriers of said passengers, shall furnish said meals to white and colored passengers in the same room, or at the same table, or at the same counter.

South Carolina

 Textbooks Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them.

North Carolina

 Prisons The warden shall see that the white convicts shall have separate apartments for both eating and sleeping from the Negro convicts.

Mississippi

 Parks It shall be unlawful for colored people to frequent any park owned or maintained by the city for the benefit, use and enjoyment of white persons...and unlawful for any white person to frequent any park owned or maintained by the city for the use and benefit of colored persons.

Georgia

 Burial The officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons.

Georgia

 Nurses No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which Negro men are placed.

Alabama

 Intermarriage All marriages of white persons with Negroes, Mulattos, 48 Mongolians, or Malaya hereafter contracted in the State of Wyoming are and shall be illegal and void.

Wyoming

Plessy v. Ferguson

, 1896 The Supreme Court ruled that racially segregated facilities did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14 th Amendment. In 1890, Louisiana passed a statute providing "that all railway companies carrying passengers in their coaches in this state shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races..." The penalty for sitting in the wrong compartment was either a fine of $25 or 20 days in jail. Homer Plessy, a 30 year old shoemaker, was jailed for sitting in the “white" car of the East Louisiana Railroad in an intentional protest of the law. Plessy was 7/8 white and 1/8 black. The Louisiana law still considered him black, and therefore required him to sit in the "colored" car.

Plessy went to court and argued that the Separate Car Act violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. 49

PLESSY v. FERGUSON

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Eventually a legal case reached the U.S. Supreme Court to test the constitutionality of segregation

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1896, in Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of races was legal and did not violate the 14 th Amendment Establishes the doctrine of “separate but equal”

http://www.teachersdomain.org/ asset/bf09_vid_plessy/

Key Ideas

• White southerners institute voting restrictions and segregation laws, reducing African Americans to second-class citizens • In Plessy v. Fergusson in 1896, the Supreme Court made “separate but equal” the law of the land. In practice the separation was enforced, but the equality was not.

Question

• How would you have reacted to the Jim Crow laws?

• How could these laws have been fought?

RACE RELATIONS - 1900

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African Americans faced legal discrimination as well as informal rules and customs

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Racial etiquette Meant to humiliate these “rules” included; whites never shaking the hand of an African America, they had to yield the sidewalk to whites, blacks also had to remove their hats in the presence of whites

VIOLENCE

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African Americans who did not follow the racial etiquette could face severe punishment or death

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Between 1882-1900, more than 2,500 black men and women were shot, burned, or lynched

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Lynching peaked in the 1880s and 90s but continued well into the 20 th century

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Ida B. Wells was a crusader for equal rights and to stop this form of violence.

http://www.teachersdomain.org/ asset/bf09_vid_antilynch/

MAJOR AREAS OF LYNCHING

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DISCRIMINATION IN THE NORTH

While most African Americans lived in the segregated South, many blacks had migrated to the North in hopes of better jobs & equality

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However, the North had its own brand of racism as blacks got low paying jobs and lived in segregated neighborhoods

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New York riot 1900 example of growing tension

Key Ideas

• African Americans face segregation and discrimination everywhere, especially in the south • In the struggle for equality, Booker T Washington urges a gradual approach, while W.E.B. Du Bois demands full equality immediately • Crusaders like Ida Wells fight against the violence that confronts African Americans accused of violating the racial etiquette .

DISCRIMINATION IN THE WEST

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Discrimination in the west was most often directed against Mexican and Asian immigrants

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Mexicans were often forced in Debt Peonage to debt – a system of forced labor due

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Asians were increasingly excluded from mainstream society

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Exclusion Act of 1882 Anti-Asian Cartoon

Key Ideas

• In the West, nonwhite immigrants such as the Mexican s and Chinese fall victim to discrimination • Mexican workers are sometimes forced into debt peonage, or involuntary servitude, until the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1911 • Prejudice against the Chinese is so great that Congress passes the Chinese Exclusion Act

Closing thought

• African Americans faced legal segregation in the South and de facto segregation in the North, while Mexican Americans and Chinese Americans, mostly in the West, also faced severe discrimination.

SECTION 4: DAWN OF A MASS CULTURE

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Many middle class Americans fought off city congestion and dull industrial work by enjoying amusement parks, bicycling, tennis and spectator sports American leisure was developing into a multi million dollar industry

AMUSEMENT PARKS

Coney Island was America’s most famous amusement park in the late 19 th century

• • •

To meet the recreational needs of city dwellers, Chicago, NYC and other cities began setting aside land for parks Amusement parks were constructed on the outskirts of cities These parks had picnic grounds and a variety of rides

BICYCLING & TENNIS

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After the introduction of the “safety bike” in 1885, Americans increasingly enjoyed biking By 1890, 312 companies made over 10,000,000 bikes Tennis also was very popular in the late 19 th century On the right is the “safety bike” – much easier and safer to ride

SPECTATOR SPORTS

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Americans not only participated in new sports, but became avid fans of spectator sports Baseball and boxing became profitable businesses Mark Twain called baseball, “the very symbol of the booming 19 th century” 1897 Baseball team picture Kansas State University

NEWSPAPERS

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Mass-production printing techniques led to the publication of millions of books, magazines, and newspapers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were two leading publishers whose competition led to more and more sensational newspaper reporting Hearst (above) and Pulitzer initiated what was known as “Yellow Journalism”

Characteristics of Yellow Journalism included huge, sensational, exaggerated headlines

Some contend that Hearst and Pulitzer’s Yellow Journalism was responsible for the Spanish American War in 1898

GROWING CONSUMERISM

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The turn of the century witnessed the beginnings of the shopping center, department and chain stores, and the birth of modern advertising

THE DEPARTMENT STORE

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Marshall Field of Chicago brought the first department store to America Field’s motto was “Give the lady what she wants” Field also pioneered the “bargain basement” concept Marshall Fields has been around for almost 150 years

CHAIN STORES

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In the 1870s, F.W. Woolworth found that if he offered an item at a low price, “the consumer would purchase it on the spur of the moment” By 1911, the Woolworth chain had 596 stores and sold $1,000,000 per week

ADVERTISING

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Expenditures for advertising was under $10 million a year in 1865, but increased to $95 million by 1900 Ads appeared in newspapers, magazines and on billboards

CATALOGS AND RFD

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Montgomery Ward and Sears were two pioneers in catalog sales By 1910, 10 million Americans shopped by mail In 1896 the Post Office introduced a rural free delivery (RFD) system that brought packages directly to every home