Transcript Šiuolaikinių kompiuterių architektūra

COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE
(for Erasmus students)
Assoc.Prof. Stasys Maciulevičius
Computer Dept.
[email protected]
[email protected]
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Beginning
The first portable computer was
manufactured in 1979 by GM Research, a
small company in Santa Monica, California
 The machine which was designed and
patented by James Murez, was called the
Micro Star and later changed the name to
The Small One
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Beginning
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The first mass-produced portable computer was
the Osborne
Released in 1981, it has Zilog Z80 CPU running at
4.0 MHz
Osborne 1 has 5” screen, modem port, dual 5-1/4
inch floppies
It has weight of 24.5 pounds and cost $1795
It even has an optional battery pack, so it doesn't
have to plugged into the 110 V outlet for power
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Osborne 1
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Mobile processor
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A mobile processor is a CPU designed to save
power
A CPU chip designed for portable computers, it is
typically housed in a smaller chip package, but more
importantly, in order to run cooler, it uses lower
voltages than its desktop counterpart and has more
"sleep mode" capability
The clock frequency may be stepped down under
low processor loads. This stepping down conserves
power and prolongs battery life
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First mobile processors
The Intel's i486SL was the power-saving
variant of the i486DX microprocessor,
designed for use in mobile computers
 The i486SL contained all features of the
i486DX.
 In addition, the System Management Mode
(SMM) (the same mode introduced with
i386SL) makes it possible to shut down the
processor without losing data. To achieve this,
the processor state is saved in an area of
static RAM
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First mobile processors
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1995 the Intel processor suitable for mobile
computers had a frequency of 75 MHz (1996
increased to 150 MHz)
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This processor had construction designed to
facilitate heat dissipation
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Processor used Voltage Reduction Technology,
where his core was powered using 2.9 V voltage,
while external components - 3.3 V battery, to
prolong batteries life
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First mobile processors
In 1997 Intel presented the first mobile
Pentium processor with MMX (150 and 160
MHz, in 1998 -266 MHz)
 Processor used for voltage reduction
technology, wich enabled to reduce energy
consumption up to 17 W
 1999 Intel presented Mobile Celeron (266
and 300 MHz, later - 466 MHz)
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Pentium with MMX module
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Ultra-mobile devices
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Three types of devices:
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MID products (hand-held),
 netbooks and nettops,
 ultra-mobile computers
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According to ABI Research, from 10 million
units in 2008, shipments of ultra-mobile
devices are expected to exceed 200 million in
2013, with a forecast revenue of nearly US$27
billion
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Ultra-mobile computers
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Fujitsu presented ultra-mobile computer LifeBook
U1010
It is based on Intel Ultra Mobile Platform 2007
Chipset Intel 945GU Express and processor Intel
A110 (800 MHz) are core of LifeBook U1010
Computer has 1 GB RAM, 40 GB disk (1,8”)
Diagonal screen size - 5.6 inch, resolution - 1024 x
600
Dimensions - 171 x 133 x 27 mm, weigth – appr.
600 g
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Netbooks and nettops
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In recent years a new concept, describing the lowest
price of small computers - netbooks and nettops –
was emerged
So call we easy to use, affordable in terms of price
computers, especially designated for access to the
Internet
Target users - the consumers and people in
education sphere, starting to use computers both at
home and outside
Using fields - communication (e-mail, instant
messaging, VOIP, social networks), Internet
browsing, reviewing (photos, video), listening (MP3
audio) and learning (homework, languages)
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Moblin project
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Moblin, short for Mobile Linux, is a free and open source OS
from Intel designed for netbook hardware
Moblin project define the vision and technology of netbooks
and nettops based on the Intel Atom processor
This is a relatively wide range of technologies and
components, including the kernel and the operating system
A few of them:
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Energy-saving technologies
Optimization of graphic subsystem
Suitable browsers
Operating system adapted to the Intel Atom processor
Safety
Short switching time
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Netbooks
The concept of such a computer comes from
the so-called "subnotebooks“; this term Intel
introduced in 1999 and again in 2008, when
the firm withdrew from the OLPC (“one laptop
per child“) program
 They are smaller than laptops (notebooks)
and lighter - weighing about 1 kg. Screen
diameter - 7"-10“. They have a wireless
connection, a smaller keyboard, often SSD
instead of HD, but none CD (DVD)
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Netbooks
Microsoft calls them ultra-low cost personal
computers (ULCPC) defines such criteria:
 RAM – up to 1 GB
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Screen up to 14.1″ (it can be touchscreen)
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Storage - 80 GB (now may be 160 GB) HDD or
16 GB SSD
DirectX 9 GPU
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
S4 state can be added
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Some netbooks
MSI Wind U100 Acer Aspire
One
Asus Eee PC 900
CPU
Intel Atom
(1,6 GHz)
Intel Atom
(1,6 GHz)
Intel Celeron
M353 (900 MHz)
RAM
1 GB
512 MB
1 GB
Display
10,2"
(1024x600)
8,9"
(1024x600)
8,9" (1024x600)
Disk
80 GB
Flash 8 GB
Flash 12 GB
Weigth
1,2 kg
1 kg
990 g
Interfaces
WiFi G,
Bluetooth
WiFi G
WiFi G
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Nettops
A nettop is a very small form factor, inexpensive,
low-wattage desktop computer designed for basic
tasks such as surfing the Internet, accessing webbased applications, document processing, and
audio/video playback
There are three platforms that are primarily intended
for nettops and netbooks:
 Intel's Centrino Atom platform,
 Nvidia's Ion platform,
 VIA's Trinity Platform
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Nettops
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Nettops
Many net-top models are X86-processorbased and as such are capable of running
standard PC OSs
There are also operating systems designed
specifically for nettops and other machines in
the same performance class:
 Moblin
 Ubuntu Netbook Remix
 Google's Android
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Who consumes power?
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Power saving
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There are various power saving technologies
for CPUs developed:
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SpeedStep technology
Enhanced SpeedStep technology
PowerNow! Technology
LongRun technology
LongRun2 technology
These technologies are used in mobile
processors
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SpeedStep technology
SpeedStep technology is a feature that reduces
processor's power consumption by lowering
operating frequency and core voltage when a
mobile computer system is operating on battery
power:
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When the computer system is connected to AC, the CPU
runs in maximum performance mode - this is a standard
operating mode of the CPU that runs in higher frequency
When the mobile PC switches to battery power the CPU is
automatically switched to battery-optimized mode; in this
mode the CPU runs at lower frequency and lower core
voltage
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SpeedStep technology
Switching to maximum performance mode
occurs automatically when the computer is
plugged into AC outlet. It takes 1/2000 s
 It was found that at the maximum frequency
(650 MHz) Pentium III mobile processor
(powered by 1.6 V) consumes 14.4 watts,
and by the reduction in frequency to 500 MHz
and voltage to 1.35 V, - only 7.9 W
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SpeedStep technology
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The power consumed by a CPU with a capacitance
C, running at frequency f and voltage V is
approximately
P = CV2f
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For a given processor, C is a fixed value. However,
V and f can vary considerably. For example, for a
1.6 GHz Pentium M, the clock frequency can be
stepped in 200 MHz increments over the range from
0.6 to 1.6 GHz. At the same time, the voltage
requirement decreases from 1.484 V to 0.956 V
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SpeedStep technology
To apply SpeedStep technology, you
must have:
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Mobile Pentium processor with Intel
SpeedStep™ technology
Chipset, BIOS, power regulator and
operating system, supporting SpeedStep™
technology
Intel SpeedStep™ technology driver
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Enhanced SpeedStep technology
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Enhanced SpeedStep technology (EIST) is
used with the first and second generation of
Pentium M processors (Banias and Dothan
cores, used in Centrino platforms)
With this technology, the CPU varies its
frequency (and voltage) between about 40%
and 100% of its base frequency in increments
of 100 MHz (for Banias core) or 133 MHz (for
Dothan core)
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AMD PowerNow! technology
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The technology is a concept similar to Intel's
SpeedStep technology
PowerNow! technology is based on the fact that
different programs require different performance
from the processor. For example, word processing
to be less efficient than the editing of images, or
some other multimedia programs
The CPU's clock speed and VCore are
automatically decreased when the computer is
under low load or idle, to save battery power,
reduce heat and noise
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PowerNow!
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LongRun technology
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LongRun is power management technologie
introduced by Transmeta with the Crusoe
processor
LongRun was based primarily on aggressively
reducing the clock frequency and voltage supplied
to the processor, in order to reduce active power
consumption
LongRun2 was introduced with the Efficeon
processor. It built further by incorporating process
technology meant to reduce variations in the
manufacturing process and thereby improve yields
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LongRun technology
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Battery rundown time saving
PM Disabl.
(minutes)
PM Enabled
(minutes)
Improvement
Min
79
162
2.050633
Max
71
150
2.112676
Min
108
200
1.851852
Max
90
160
1.777778
Min
162
292
1.802469
Max
54
200
*3.703704
Compaq Presario 1215
(AMD PowerNow!)
IBM T21
(Intel SpeedStep)
NEC Versa Ultralite
(Transmeta LongRun)
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Mode and performance
Compaq Evo N1015v
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Task and battery rundown time
Compaq Evo N1015v
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Intel mobile platforms
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Intel gave resonant names (Centrino
(2003), Sonoma, Napa, ...) to its mobile
computing platforms, based on three
coordinated components :
 processors,
 chipset,
 wireless

adapter
This had a significant impact on the
attractiveness of Intel mobile computers in
market competition
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Intel platforms
Sonoma
Napa
Santa Rosa Montevina
Presented
2005.01
2006 1 ketv.
2007 2 ketv.
2008 1 ketv.
Processors
Pentium M
Pentium M
Core 2 Duo
Penryn
L2 maximum
1 MB
2 MB
4 MB
8 MB
Techn.process
90 nm
65 nm
65 nm
45 nm
FSB
400/533
MHz
533 MHz
800 MHz
1066 MHz
RAM
DDR2-533
DDR2-667
DDR2-800
DDR2-800,
DDR3-800
Graphics card
GMA 900
(DirectX 8)
GMA 950
(DirectX 9.0)
GMA X3100
(DirectX 9.0)
???
(DirectX 10)
Video bus
PCI Express
PCI Express
PCI Express
PCI Express
Wi-Fi
802.11 a/b/g
802.11 a/b/g/n 802.11 a/b/g/n
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802.11 a/b/g/n
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Intel Santa Rosa
The codename Santa Rosa refers to the fourthgeneration Centrino platform, which was released in
2007
What new:
 extended processor Intel Core 2 Duo scale - mobile 2.4 GHz Intel
Core 2 Duo processors operate faster than 3.8 GHz Pentium D or
equivalent AMD Athlon 64 X2 5400 + (at 2.8 GHz)
 the Dynamic Acceleration technology, which automatically
increases the speed of one core in a single thread tasks
 FSB frequency increased to 800 MHz (in office programs, it is
reduced to 400 MHz)
 GMA X3100 graphics core has 8 processors
 IEEE 802.11n-draft will provide transfer speeds up to 270 MB/sec,
the distance - up to 50 m
 Intel Turbo Memory reduces the time it takes for a computer to
power up
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Intel Santa Rosa
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Intel Montevino
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The codename Montevina refers to the fifthgeneration Centrino platform, now formally named
Centrino 2
It has
a
second-generation Intel Core 2 Duo (codenamed
Penryn) 45nm processor with 800-1066 MT/s FSB
 Intel Mobile 4 Express series chipset (codenamed
Cantiga; GL40, GS45, GM45, PM45) with Intel's GMA
X4500 graphics technology
 Intel WiMAX/WiFi Link 5350 supporting both WiMAX and
up to 450Mbit/s Wi-Fi
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It is branded as Centrino 2 vPro when combined
with built-in security and manageability features
technologies
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Intel mobiles
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AMD Kite platform
Intel’s introduced concept of the mobile
platform encouraged AMD to similar actions
 AMD’s platform Kite was competitor for Intel
Sonoma and Napa platforms
 It was based on 90 nm Turion processor.
From precursor Mobile Athlon 64 is slightly
different - mainly in SSE 3 support, as well
as less energy consumption (25-35 W)
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AMD Kite platform
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AMD platforms
Kite
Hawk
Trevally
Presented
2005.08
2007 3 q.
Processors
Turion
Turion 64 X2 Turion 64 X2 Griffin
L2 maximum
1 MB
2 MB
2 MB
2 MB
Techn.process
90 nm
65 nm
65 nm
65 nm
FSB
1000 MHz
1000 MHz
1000 MHz
1333 MHz
RAM
DDR-400,
DDR2-667
DDR2-800
DDR2-800
DDR2-800,
DDR3-800
Graphics card
Radeon
Xpress 200G
(DirectX 9.0)
Radeon Xpress
200G
(DirectX 9.0)
Radeon X700
(DirectX 9.0)
R600
(DirectX 10)
Video bus
PCI Express PCI Express
x16
x16
PCI Express
x16
PCI Express
2.0
Wi-Fi
802.11 a/b/g 802.11 a/b/g/n 802.11 a/b/g/n 802.11 a/b/g/n
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2007 3 q.
Puma
2008 3 q.
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AMD Puma platform
The heart of Puma is the dual-core Turion
Ultra processor, codenamed Griffin
 It's a 65nm part and includes 1MB of L2
cache per core
 AMD claims that a freer choice of chipsets
gives scope for manufacturers to offer far
better wireless range
 Puma's most innovative feature is a
proprietary PCI-Express 2.0 8x connector
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AMD Puma platform
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New AMD platforms
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AMD Congo platform
The Congo platform consists of:
 “Conesus” CPU
 2 CPU cores
 RS780 + SB710 chipsets
 ATI Radeon HD
 ATI Avivo HD
 BGA packaging for slim designs
 802.11n and 3G support
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AMD Yukon platform
The Yukon platform consists of:
 “Huron” CPU
 1 CPU core
 RS690E + SB600 chipsets
 ATI Radeon
 ATI Avivo
 BGA packaging for slim designs
 802.11n and 3G support
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