Transcript EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
Created by: Armayani Idrus
Ria Helmaliza
Wilda Maysari
DEFINISI
Penelitian Eksperimen adalah:
sebuah penelitian yang bertujuan untuk
menyelediki hubungan sebab akibat
dengan cara membandingkan kelompok
eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol.
ADA DUA KELAS DALAM PENELITIAN
EKSPERIMEN:
1. Kelas Eksperimen (Experiment Class)
Mendapatkan treatment (perlakuan)
2. Kelas Kontrol (Control Class):
Tidak mendapat treatment
Sebagai pembanding
KARAKTERISTIK:
1. Kontrol
2. Manipulasi variabel independen
3. Observasi
VALIDITAS EKSPERIMEN
1.
2.
Validitas Internal (Internal Validity)
Validitas Eksternal (External Validity)
JENIS PENELITIAN EKSPERIMEN
1.
2.
3.
True Experimental (murni)
Quasi Experimental (semu)
Single Subject
1. EKSPERIMEN MURNI
(TRUE EXPERIMENTAL)
Experiment class
 Control class
 Random

1. RANDOMIZED POSTTEST ONLY CONTROL
DESIGN
Random
Assignment
Groups
E
Intervention
X
Posttest
O
R
C
O
2. RANDOMIZED PRETEST POSTTEST
CONTROL DESIGN
Random
Assignment
Groups
Pretest
Intervention
Posttest
E
O
X
O
C
O
R
O
3. SOLOMON FOUR GROUPS DESIGN
Random
Assignment
Groups
Pretest
Intervention
Posttest
E1
O
X
O
C2
O
O
R
E2
C2
X
O
O
2. EKSPERIMEN SEMU
(QUASI EXPERIMENTAL)
Experiment class
 Control class
 No random

1. NON-EQUIVALENT POSTTEST ONLY DESIGN
Groups
E
C
Intervention
X
Posttest
O
O
2. NON-RANDOMIZED PRETEST POSTTEST
CONTROL DESIGN
Groups
E
C
Pretest
O
O
Intervention
X
Posttest
O
O
SINGLE-SUBJECT DESIGN


Is individual behavior recorded
before and after an intervention.
Menggunakan satu subjek
Biasanya dilakukan dalam
counseling atau rehabilitas
TYPES OF SINGLE SUBJECCT

A-B Design
Baseline
Intervention
(treatment)
XXXXXXX
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
o
A-B-A Design
Baseline
Intervention
Baseline
(treatment)
XXXXXXX
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
NORMALITAS DAN HOMOGENITAS
-
Uji
normalitas
berguna
untuk
mengetahui apakah data yang berasal
dari kedua kelas sampel berasal dari
populasi yang berdistribusi normal
atau tidak.
-
Uji homogenitas dilakukan untuk
mengetahui apakah data dari masingmasing kelompok sampel mempunyai
varians yang sama atau berbeda
BEBERAPA TEKNIK UNTUK MENGUJI
NORMALITAS DAN HOMOGENITAS DATA:
 Kertas
Peluang Normal
 Uji Chi-Kuadrat
 Uji Liliefors
 Teknik Kolmogorov-Smirnov
 SPSS
Example:
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
COOPERATIVE LEARNING TO
INCREASE STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION
IN LEARNING ENGLISH FOR 2ND
GRADE STUDENTS OF SMA
NEGERI 1 KEBUMEN OF 2007/2008
ACADEMIC YEAR.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM
Language is a systematic means of the
communication by the use of sounds or conventional
symbols. It is the code that we use to express
ourselves and communicate to others. It is a system
for communicating ideas and feelings using sounds,
gesture, signs or marks. . . . . . English is very
important to prepare the learners of English as an
Foreign Language can be competitive as the human
resource in their life. . . . It is important to think
about motivation as the essence of language
teaching because of the stark realities of learning
English.
The condition, which happens in
class, is the students feel afraid of English
as one of their subject. It is because they feel
that English is very difficult to learn. So that,
most students do not have enough motivation
to learn………..
Because of these adverse conditions,
the students have to have extraordinary
motivation in order to succeed in learning
English. In teaching learning process,
students’ motivation is very essential.
Students’ motivation in learning English can
be a good modal for enhancing the teacher’s
objectives in their class.
B. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM
According to Prayitno (1989: 94) there are
some aspects on teaching which can influence
students’ learning motivation. They are
teacher, student, material, media, method,
and evaluation. Based on statement above,
method brings also the significant influence
in the success of the process of teaching
learning, especially in terms of improving
students’ motivation in the class.
Furthermore, the teacher in achieving class
objectives……………….
1.
2.
3.
4.
Competitive Learning exists when one
student goal is achieved; all other students
fail to reach the goal. (Johnson & Johnson,
1991).
Individualistic Learning exists when the
learning or achievement of one students is
independent and separate from….
Collaborative Learning takes place when
student….
Cooperative Learning occurs when
students work collaboratively…..
C. LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH
The problem of this study is limited to the
effectiveness of cooperative learning to
increase
students’ motivation in
learning English for 2nd grade students of
SMA Negeri 1 Kebumen of 2007/2008
Academic Year.
D. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
 Is
there any significant difference
between learning motivation of
students who are taught using
cooperative learning and those who
are taught without it?
E. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
 To
find out whether there is any
significant
difference
between
learning motivation of students who
are taught by applying Cooperative
Learning and those who are taught
without it.
F. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEACRH
 1).For
the teacher, it can be useful information
about the effectiveness………
 2).The
school can see how far Cooperative
Learning influences……….
 3).The
significance for English Education
Department of Yogyakarta State University is
enriching and enlarging………….
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED THEORIES
A. LITERATURE REVIEW
1.
a.
b.
Motivation
Definition of Motivation is internal and
external factors...(Business Dictionary,
2002). Motivation is the internal condition
that activates behavior and gives it
direction; energizes and directs goaloriented behavior (Wikipedia).
Types of motivation
2. Cooperative Learning
a. Definition of Cooperative Learning
Cooperative Learning is defined as a system of
concrete teaching and….(Kagan, 1995). Richards,
Platt & Platt (1992) stated that cooperative learning
is a system of teaching and learning techniques in
which…..
b. The elements of cooperative learning
There are five essential elements of cooperative learning:
1. Positive interdependence. It is….
2. Individual accountability. It is….
c. Implementing Cooperative Learning in teaching
English
Cooperative Learning is an effective teaching method in
foreign language……(Krashen, 1985; Kagan, 1995)
B. HYPOTHESIS
Based on the above stated theory,
the hypothesis can be formulated as
follows:

There is a significant difference
between motivation of students who
are
taught
using
Cooperative
Learning and those who are taught
without it.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
A. RESEARCH TYPE
This research is a quantitative
research. This study can be classified
into a quasi-experimental study. The
design used is an in tack group pretestposttest design that involves a group of
students who belong to the experimental
group and the one belong to control
group. In this study, the treatment,
which is given, is applying cooperative
learning in teaching learning process.
B. VARIABLES OF THE STUDY
The independent variable of this
study is cooperative learning. X,
represents this variable.
The dependent variable is students’
motivation, which is represented by Y. The
design of the research can be shown in this
table:
GROUP
INDEPENDENT
DEPENDENT
Experiment
X
Y
Control
X
Y
C. RESEARCH POPULATION AND DESIGN
The population on this study is two
classes of the 2nd grade students of SMA
Negeri 1 Kebumen of 2009-2010 Academic
Year.
NO
CLASS CLASSIFICATION
(GROUP)
NUMBER OF
STUDENTS
1
A1
40 students
2
A2
40 students
The selection group for the experiment
and non-experiment (control group) will use
coin toss. The experiment group will be
given cooperative learning activities and no
treatment for the second group. Here is the
distribution of treatment in the research.
GROUP
CLASS
TREATMENT
NUMBER OF
STUDENTS
Experiment
2A
Cooperative
Learning
40
Control
2B
-
40
D. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
1. Instrument of the research
This study will use questionnaire as the
instrument of the research to gain data to see
the significant result of students’ motivation.
2. Validity of the instrument
To see the validity of the instrument, the
researcher
uses
Product
Moment
Correlation formula.
3. Reliability of the instrument
The researcher uses Alpha Formula to
check the reliability of the instrument.
E. DATA COLLECTING TECHNIQUE
Data collection in this study uses
the motivational questionnaire in
order to understand the students’
motivation toward learning English
before and after the treatment, a
questionnaire containing some items
were developed by the researcher.
F. DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE
The technique of data analysis is examining
the effects of the results of the motivational
questionnaire. As for the analysis of the
motivational questionnaires, each student’s
responses to the some items in the
questionnaire are scored with the help of the
computer software of SPSS. The statistical
results of the questionnaire are compared for
experiment and control group analysis.