Unit 5: Mechanics
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Transcript Unit 5: Mechanics
Commas in a Series
What is a comma?
A comma (,) tells a reader when to pause.
Commas make sentences easier to understand, and
can also change the meaning of a sentence altogether.
Using Commas in a Series
A series is a list of three or more items in a sentence.
A comma is used to separate the items.
Beth, Ann, John, Paul, and I are in the same class.
Beth Ann, John Paul, and I are in the same class.
Using Commas in a Series
Sara writes poems, short stories, and plays.
Her newest play will have two, three, or four characters.
The play takes place under a tree, on a porch, and in a
classroom.
*Note: commas are used to separate all of the items listed,
except for the last word, which is separated using a
conjunction (and, or).
Where are commas needed?
My class has written directed and produced a musical.
Everyone will sing dance or play an instrument.
The performances will be on Thursday Friday and
Saturday.
Karl Peter and Jim found props made scenery and
planned the customes.
Commas could save lives!
Let’s eat, kids!
Let’s eat kids.
Turkeys gobble, Grandma.
Turkeys, gobble Grandma!
More Uses for Commas
Commas and Introductory Words
Words such as yes, well, and no are called
introductory words when they begin a sentence.
When they start a sentence, put a comma after them.
Well, it is time to do my homework.
Nouns in direct address
The name of a person who is spoken to, or addressed,
is called the noun in direct address.
We use commas to make it stand out in the sentence.
Maria, will you play the piano?
Place your sheet music there, Maria.
Thank you, Maria, for playing that song.
Where are commas needed?
No I don’t know which instrument I should play Jo.
Well do you like the trumpet trombone or tuba?
Pedro I think you should try the trumpet.
I can’t Jo because the music room is not open today.
Interjections
What is an interjection?
An interjection is a word or words that show feeling
or emotion.
Common interjections:
Hurray
Good Grief
Okay
Hey
Ah
Oh
Oh, no
Oops
Ouch
Well
Whew
Wow
Using Interjections
If the interjection shows strong feeling, it stands alone
and is followed by an exclamation point.
Wow! What a great pitch!
Good grief! That pitcher is outstanding!
If it shows mild feeling, it begins the sentence and is
followed by a comma.
Ah, the breeze is nice.
Well, let’s go sailing!
What are the interjections below?
Hey, this boat needs a few repairs.
Good grief! Can we repair it in time for the race?
Oh, I hope so!
Oops! The sail is torn.
Whew! Someone remembered to bring the sewing
box.
What is the missing punctuation?
Ah there’s nothing like a windy day for a race.
Well let’s get everything ready.
Oh, no The race begins in an hour!
Hurray The jackets are in the boat!
Hey it’s getting windier.
Quotations
Using Quotation Marks
A direct quotation gives a speaker’s exact words and
is set off by quotation marks (“”).
Hannah announced, “My aunt works in a fire tower.”
Note: a comma separates the quote from the rest of the
sentence; a capital letter begins the quotation, and
there is end punctuation inside the quotation marks.
Using Quotation Marks
“What a great job she has!” exclaimed Henry.
“Do you know the time?” asked Pete.
Note: the exclamation point and question mark are
inside the quotation marks.
Using Quotation Marks
“Do you think,” asked Henry, “that we could see the tower?”
Note: a comma ends the first part of the quotation; a comma is put after
Henry; the second part of the quotation is not capitalized; the end
punctuation is inside the quotation marks.
“I know that we can,” replied Hannah. “Let’s call my aunt.”
Note: in this case, the second part of the quotation is beginning a new
sentence so it is capitalized.
Fix the following:
Jean asked was there a terrible earthquake in 1906
Peter replied yes, it happened in San Francisco
Over the years said Jean the city has been rebuilt
how beautiful san francisco is now exclaimed sara
Abbreviations
What is an abbreviation?
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word.
Usually begins with a capital letter and ends with a
period.
Common abbreviations
Titles
Mr.
Mister
Mrs. Married woman
Ms. Any woman
Dr. Doctor
Jr.
Junior
Sr.
Senior
Common abbreviations
Businesses
Co.
Company
Corp. Corporation
Ltd. Limited
Inc. Incorporated
Common abbreviations
Days
Tues.
Tuesday
Wed. Wednesday
Common abbreviations
Months
Feb.
February
Aug. August
Ltd. Limited
Inc. Incorporated
Common abbreviations
Addresses
Ave. Avenue
Apt. Apartment
Rte. Route
P.O. Post Office
Common abbreviations
States
MI
Michigan
CA California
TX Texas
FL
Florida
OH Ohio
Titles
Writing Titles
Capitalize the first, the last, and all important words.
Do not capitalize words such as a, in, and, of, the…
“The Ways of Trains”
The Treasure Is the Rose
Writing Titles
When titles are written in printed materials, they are
italicized (Prince Caspian).
They should be underlined when hand writing them
(Prince Caspian).
Writing Titles
Some titles are set off by quotation marks, especially
short stories, poems, chapters, and songs.
I recited the poem “Take Sky.”
My sister showed me the article “Wonder of Words.”
How would the following titles be
written?
Cricket (magazine)
Water life (book chapter)
My side of the mountain (book)
The los angeles times (newspaper)
Endangered animals (article)