Transcript Policy Development for Sustainable Sanitation within CSD

Policy Development for
Sustainable Sanitation within CSD
Arno Rosemarin
Sustainable Sanitation
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A sanitation system that is sustainable
protects and promotes human health,
does not contribute to environmental
degradation or depletion of the
resource base, is technically and
institutionally appropriate, economically
viable and socially acceptable.
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EcoSanRes (Sweden), GTZ, WSSCC, CECIPROC (Mexico),
Urban Water (Sweden), Stockholm Water Company – April
2004
Elements of Sustainable
Sanitation?
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Essential features: containment, sanitisation and
recycling - things that conventional sanitation fails
to do
Requires a change in attitude about human
excreta and use of water
Source-separation of urine, faeces and greywater
Closing the nutrient and water loops
Ecosystem approach
Polluter Pays Principle
Protection of downstream health and environment
Local management and financing
Decentralisation of infrastructure
Equitable service for all
Shifting from ”Water and Sanitation”
to ”Soil and Sanitation”
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Water is always given fiscal priority over sanitation and
more water is thought to be the solution for pollution
Polluter Pays Principle is not generally being applied to
municipal sanitation
Eutrophication of waterways and nitrate pollution of
groundwater are ”institutionalised realities” requiring
enormous investments to remediate
Sanitation as a preventative to protect water resources is
not a global priority
Water pricing needs to include the full costs of sanitation
With sustainable sanitation, water pollution becomes a
smaller problem dealing with mainly greywater
Soil and soil organisms become the main recipient of
human excreta
The New Paradigm
What is Wrong with
Conventional Sanitation?
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Half the world lacks decent sanitation
Associated diseases kill 1.8 million people per yr and keep 1.2
billion people parasitised (WHO, 2004)
Sewage systems use 40% of urban water and are unaffordable
for most of the world
80% of the huge costs for sewer systems are pipes and pumps,
little is left for treatment, and the products cannot be recycled
Pit latrines, cesspits and sewage systems pollute ground and
surface water
Only 79 of 550 large European cities have advanced sewage
treatment. EU has moved the sanitation agenda to being an
IWRM issue
To equip all urban wastewater streams in the world with tertiary
treatment would cost ca 80-100 billion dollars per year to 2015
(the entire annual global ODA budget)
Alternatives are thus absolutely necessary
Akhtar Hameed Khan, Director of the
Orangi Pilot Project in Karachi, Pakistan
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"On the brink of the 21st century, half the world's
people are enduring a medieval level of sanitation.
Almost 3 billion individuals do not have access to a
decent toilet, and many of them are forced to
defecate on the bare ground or queue up to pay for
the use of a filthy latrine. This unconscionable
degradation continues despite a fundamental truth:
Access to safe water and adequate sanitation is the
foundation of development. For when you have a
medieval level of sanitation, you have a medieval
level of disease, and no country can advance without
a healthy population.”
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UNICEF's 1997 Progress of Nations Study
Sandra Postel, Director of the Global
Water Policy Project
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”We are entering an unprecedented period of water stress
globally. In 2015, nearly 3 billion people -- 40 percent of
the projected world population -- will live in countries that
find it difficult or impossible to mobilize enough water to
satisfy the food, industrial, and domestic needs of their
citizens. How nations respond to this dilemma, individually
and collectively, will have serious implications for food
security, for the health of the aquatic environment, and for
social and political stability. A new mindset for water policy
and management is required if we are to meet the needs
of 9 billion people while protecting the health of the
aquatic environment that our economies and all life
depends upon”.
Barbara Evans, WSP
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“The sanitation crisis is just that – a crisis. It is as shocking as
AIDS, as debilitating as Malaria, and as solvable as Polio. Simply
meeting the sanitation target by 2015 could avert 391 million
cases of diarrhoea a year (and with them the loss of years of
schooling, and years of productive and social life). Overall,
meeting the target could garner an economic gain in the order
of US$63 bn every year. And if we get it right all this could come
at the price of just over US$9.5 bn each year. It is a large
number, but it is dwarfed by the potential gains which could
result, and we already know that significant elements of this
could be mobilized in households and within communities who
are desperate to improve their appalling living conditions.”
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Evans et al. 2004. Closing the Sanitation Gap – the Case for
Better Public Funding of Sanitation and Hygiene. OECD
Round Table on SD. 9-10 March 2004. 25p.
Sanitation at CSD-12
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Informal side events
”Think pieces” – independent papers
Formal agency reports
Formal governmental meetings with prepared
statements
Discussion periods
Key new feature was the interaction between
technical experts and policymakers
Generally interpreted as a success compared
to previous CSD meetings
Summary of Discussions on
Sanitation at CSD-12
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WHO, UNICEF and national governments were mainly
concerned with introducing basic sanitation
WHO provided the most significant input in their
assessment of how beneficial water and sanitation
investments can be (15-fold benefit over costs) but also
estimated the enormous investment needs (11 billion
additional dollars per year for the next decade)
IWA stressed the need for full-scale demonstration
projects educating communities about alternatives to high
cost sanitation
EU mentioned that ecosan approaches should be
promoted
SIDS called for approprite technologies
NGO stakeholders summary emphasised the need to
integrate water, sanitation and human settlements
Summary of Discussions on
Sanitation at CSD-12
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WOMEN called for ecosan guidelines ready for CSD-13
(EcoSanRes and WHO are working on this already)
GTZ stressed the need for ecosan development
China informed about the huge ecosan successes in
Guangxi Province villages (initiated by Sida)
Sweden emphasised the need for ecosan and the
ecosystem approach
Switzerland described ecosan as a strategy and not a
single choice of technology
The pre-CSD OECD meeting in Paris described the
mammoth task of providing sanitation as next to
impossible. GWP and WWC suggested IWRM as the
strategic platform for putting sanitation on the global
agenda
Think-pieces Dealing with
Sanitation
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Water and Poverty in a Macro-economic Context - by Stein
Hansen and Ramesh Bhatia
Community-Managed Sanitation Services for the Urban
Poor in Asia, Africa and Latin America: Constraints to Scaling-up
of ‘Islands of Success’ - by Ramesh Bhatia
The Challenge of Financing Sanitation - by Meera Metha and
Andreas Knapp
Whatever happened to Sanitation? - Practical Steps to
Achieving a Core Development Goal - by Barbara Evans
Monitoring and Evaluation Activities for the MDGs - by
Environmental Resources Management
Who Lacks Service? A Typology of Communities Lacking
Access to Water Supply and Sanitation - by Jenna Davis
Ecological Sanitation - by Petter Jenssen, J. Heeb, E. HubaMang, K. Gnanakan, W. Warner, K. Refsgaard, T.A. Stenström
and K. W. Alsén
Summary
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Sanitation is now on the global policy agenda and the size of the
mammoth job of providing sanitation to the world is now being
acknowledged by major institutions
Sustainable sanitation and sustainable infrastructure have not yet
entered the policy or fiscal arena
This requires a global effort to build capacity and better
understanding about possible appropriate options plus cost-benefit
assessments
It also requires new policies to implement sustainable sanitation,
creating broad institutionalisation with emphasis on local action
Strategies for improved sanitation services are required involving
local-based fiscal planning
Appropriate and sustainable sanitation solutions should be given
priority
Full-scale demonstration projects and increased R and D are
required
Information programmes are needed to involve the general public
Relevant Follow-up Conferences
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Water and Wastewater Management for
Developing Countries (IWA) July 28-30 Victoria
Falls, Zimbabwe
Stockholm Water Symposium Aug 16-20
World Urban Forum Sept 13-17 Barcelona
World Water Congress (IWA) Sept 19-24
Marrakech
Global Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Forum
(WSSCC) Nov/Dec Dakar
CSD-13 May 2-13 2005 New York (the Policy
Phase for Water, Sanitation and Human
Settlements)