Transcript Pathways for Sustainable Sanitation: Achieving the

Opportunities and Linkages
Between Sanitation & Agriculture
Cecilia Ruben
EcoSanRes Programme
Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)
SACOSAN-IV Platform Workshop, Sri Lanka, 27 April 2009
partner of
Publication from EcoSanRes
Published by IWA, 2008
Ecological Sanitation =
Productive Sanitation
Implies a change in attitude towards
safe reuse of nutrients from human
excreta and the recovery of treated
greywater to the environment
Closing the Loop on Sanitation
Ecosan Community & Agriculture:
The Complete Ecosan Household
Closing the Loop on Sanitation
Compost from human excreta. Appearance and
texture of the final product depends on what is
placed in the chamber/pit.
(Malawi)
Left: mixing composted faeces, urine and sandy soil
Right: mixing composted faeces, urine, red soil and
leaves
Ecosan Fertilisers – CREPA-Burkina Faso
After 1 month’s storage in closed jerry can
Faeces mixed with ash and
stored for 6 months
Birg-koenga
Birg-koom
“solid fertiliser”
“liquid fertiliser”
Birg koom
Urea
Linking Sanitation and Agriculture:
Challenges and Opportunities
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Nearly a billion people in 46 countries are malnourished
Each day 40,000 die of hunger and hunger-related diseases
75-80% of Africa's farmland is degraded
Africa loses 30-60kg nutrients/ha/yr - highest rate in world
2002/03 Sub-Saharan Africa used 8kg fertiliser/ha
compared to South America (80kg), North America (98kg),
Western Europe (175kg) and East Asia (202kg)
Cost of fertiliser in US is ¼ that of land-locked Africa
700 million people in 50 countries eat food from crops
irrigated with untreated sewage
3.5 billion people are infected with helminth worm parasites
5,000-6,000 children die every day in the world due to
water-borne diseases linked to lack of basic sanitation
60 million DALYs (person-years) are lost from diarrhea per
year
3%
Thailand
81%
2%
3%
Retail Price
11%
X
0.5% 2%
65%
Tanzania
22%
4% 6%
X + 49%
1%
Mali
49%
32%
6% 4% 8%
X + 80%
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
Product Cost (FOB + Bagging)
Transport Cost
Taxes and Levies
Finance Costs
Total Overheads
Total Margins
$500
$600
Costs derived from transport, taxes, overheads, finance costs and
margins cause fertiliser to cost much more in the poorest landlocked areas of the world such as Africa (IFDC, 2006)
Trend in global grain prices in USD per ton (World Bank, 2008)
Diammonium phosphate global bulk price trend to Oct 16 (ICIS, 2008)
Ammonia global bulk price trend to Oct 16 (ICIS, 2008)
World trends in fertiliser use (NY Times, 2008)
5500
overnourished
overfertilised
Potential Annual Nitrogen Recycled from Human Excreta
(grams per capita)
Israel
5000
France
Portugal
Greece
Italy
Spain
Austria
Netherlands
4500
Romania
Japan
UK
Poland
Turkey
Argentina
Switzerland
Egypt
Russia
Denmark
Sweden
Germany
4000
USA
Canada
Australia
Finland
Hungary
Czech Rep.
Mexico
Bulgaria
Rep. of Korea
Belgium
Ukraine
Kazakhstan
Belarus
Iran
Morocco
Algeria
Myanmar
China
Brazil
Chile Slovakia
Cuba
Libya
Syria
Malaysia Serbia & Montenegro
South Africa
Saudi
Arabia
Paraguay
Sudan
El Salvador
Jordan
Peru
Uzbekistan
Benin
Indonesia
Venezuela
Chad
Laos
Vietnam
DPR Korea
Nepal
Mali
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Pakistan
Colombia
Cameroon
Bolivia
Kenya
Honduras
Guatemala Ecuador
India
Thailand
Senegal
Philippines
Malawi
Ghana
Ethiopia
Sri Lanka
Cote d'Ivoire
Dominican Rep.
Rwanda
Zambia
Bangladesh
Haiti
Tunisia
3500
N at 3,000 kcal/day diet
3000
Burkina Faso
2500
undernourished
underfertilised
Uganda
Guinea
2000
Tanzania
Madagascar
Burundi
Niger
undernourished
overfertilised
Zimbabwe
Mozambique
1500
"Balanced" Utilization and Recycling of N
DR Congo
1000
10
100
1000
10000
Annual Fertilzer Nitrogen Utilized (grams per capita)
Comparison between chemical nitrogen fertiliser used and potential
nitrogen fertiliser derived from sanitation systems (SEI, 2005)
100000
Source: F
Sub-Saharan Africa
Potential Recycled
Nutrients as % of Currently
Utilized Fertilizer Nutrients
Self-Sufficient
Fertiliser
Supply
(by region for 2002)
Potentially Recycled Nutrients as
% of Utilization for Total Population n 2002
120.0%
100.0%
80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
Developed
Regions
East Asia
Eurasia
Latin
North Africa
America and
the
Carribbean
Nitrogen
Oceania
Phosphorus
South-east
Asia
Southern
Asia
Sub-saharan
Africa
West Asia
Source: FAOstat (2005)
Alternative ways of handling urine diverted from faeces: used
directly, disposed of in an evapo-transpiration bed, stored in a tank for later
use or evaporated.
Winblad & Simpson Hébert, eds. 2004
Unfertilized maize (left) and urine-fertilized maize (right)
(Morgan, Aquamor, Zimbabwe, 2005)
Maize Trials Using Urine as
Fertiliser
(Zimbabwe)
(Aquamor)
Action Research - Testing Urine
Fertilisation at CREPA-Mali
Without urine
Urine
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