Transcript SEI and ecological sanitation--Cecilia Ruben

Sceptic…..
Realisation
SEI Profile
SEI is an Institute for
strategic research
with
SCIENCE FOR POLICY
at the core
www.sei.se
EcoSanRes Programme (ESR)
www.ecosanres.org
SuSanA
The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
www.susana.org
MDG 7 & Target 10
Halve by the year 2015 the proportion
of people lacking sanitation
App. 95,000 HH need to be provided with
sanitation every day – equal to 65
installations/minute
Focus of EcoSanRes Programme
• Systems approach to sanitation – not a
toilet project
• Knowledge development
• Communications, networking and coordination
• Capacity Development and regional
knowledge nodes
Honduras, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, South
Africa, Uganda, Nepal, Philippines & China
The Global Sanitation Challenge
• App 2.5 billion individuals lack accessed to
proper sanitation in 2006 (WHO/UNICEF
2008)
• App. one in three have access to improved
sanitation in South Asia
• More than 1 billion individuals have flush
sanitation - 70% is not properly treated
• 700 million people in 50 countries eat food
from crops irrigated with untreated sewage
• 80 countries with 40% of the world pop.
suffer from water shortage
The Lack of Sanitation Causes
• the death of app. 5 000 children under
five daily due to diarrhoea –
1.8M/year
• 1.3 billion people have Ascariasis
(roundworm)
• 99 million DALYs are lost due to
diarrhea every year
Improved Sanitation Coverage in
2006 (WHO/UNICEF 2008)
Fresh Water Resources
• 80 countries with 40% of the world pop.
suffer from water shortage
• 884 million people lack access to
improved drinking water
• Quality of drinking water is dependent
on the degree of contamination by
faecal matter
• Bottled water is becoming standard!
SEWAGE TREATMENT IN
MAJOR EU CITIES 2001
Sewage Treatment Major EU Cities
no treatment or unknown
79
168
223
72
Source: 2nd Forum on Implementation and
Enforcement of Community Environmental Law
2001
incomplete prim. or second.
treatment
second. + incomplete
tertiary treatment
second. + full tertiary
treatment
PARADIGM SHIFT RE. SANITATION
Requires change in attitude for reuse of
nutrients in a safe manner and the
recovery of treated greywater to the
environment
Closing the Loop on Sanitation
Complete
Ecosan and Eco-water Use
AVRAGE PRODUCTION OF URINE AND FAECES
& THEIR NUTRIENT CONTENT
Per person and day*
Nitrogen (g/p/d)
urine
faeces
1.2 litre
0.15 litre
11.0
2.0
Phosphorous (g/p/d)
1.0
0.6
Potassium (g/p/d)
2.5
0.6
Water born sanitation dilutes and pollutes
the nutrients
*Water-born sanitation dilutes urine and
faeces & nutrients with more than 40 litres of
water for flush/transportation and an even
larger amount of storm water. Thus, the
nutrients are mixed with enteric pathogens
and heavy metals in nearly 100 litres of
water.
Reuse of Excreta Fraction Nutrients
Reuse applied globally corresponds to app.
1/3 of the nitrogen and
1/4 of the phosphorous
In Sub-Sahara the potential for reuse is app.
110% of the nitrogen and
95% of the phosphorous
(FAOstat 2005)
Sub-Saharan Africa
Self-Sufficient Fertiliser Supply
Potential Recycled Nutrients as % of Currently Utilized Fertilizer Nutrients
(by region for 2002)
Potentially Recycled Nutrients as
% of Utilization for Total Population n 2002
120.0%
100.0%
80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
Developed
Regions
East Asia
Eurasia
Latin
North Africa
America and
the
Carribbean
Nitrogen
Oceania
Phosphorus
South-east
Asia
Southern
Asia
Sub-saharan
Africa
West Asia
Source: FAOstat (2005)
WHO Guidelines 2006
• Produced in collaboration with UNEP and
FAO
• Guidelines for safe reuse of human
excreta and greywater in agriculture
• Reviews risks and how to reduce risks
impact on consumers
Zimbabwe –
maize trials using urine as fertiliser
(Aquamor)
Ecological Sanitation ecosan
AN APPROACH
with many
TECHNOLOGICAL
APPLICATIONS
Compost from Human Excreta - appearance and
texture of the final product depends to a large
extent on what is placed in the pit. Example from
Malawi
Left: mix of composted faeces, urine and sandy soil
Right: mix of composted faeces, urine, red soil and leaves
Sweden
Urine-diversion
double flush
toilet
Geber’s Residential Estate
Stockholm, Sweden
UD/dry collection of faeces
EcoTown for 833 HHs, based on Ecosan
Principles. A PPP Development in China, where
R&D was provided by ESR
Dongsheng, Erdos, Inner Mongolia, China
楼房及生态厕所剖面图
Spreading Urine - Sweden
Photo Mats Johansson, VERNA
Greywater management – tests of filters and
systems for diffusion of water, Mexico
Innovative financing in Orissa
Indian micro-credit organisation BISWA, the
Indian insurance company TATA-AIG Re
and the Dutch financial group SNS-REAAL
have introduced low-intrest revolving funds
for sanitation
For further details see: www.waste.nl/page
Toilet Users Get Paid
Money for Using the Public Ecosan Toilet at Musiri, TN, India, is
offered by NGO SCOPE in Trichy
www.ecosanres.org
26 January 2010
Cecilia Ruben
[email protected]
www.ecosanres.org
Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) at www.sei.se