Transcript Slide 1
NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS SWEEP THE WEST (1789-1900) LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES WIN INDEPENDENCE Main Idea: Spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas, people in Latin America fought colonial rule. Latin American Colonies followed the example of the French Revolution (Important!!!!) Fought for independence over freedom and equality Geography: Andes Mountains made it difficult for South America to unify as a whole LATIN AMERICA SOCIETY 6 social classes Top: Peninsulares: born in Spain Next: Creoles: Spaniards born in Latin America Next: Mestizos: Mixed European and Indian Mulattos: Mixed European and African Africans Indians 55% of the population! SAINT DOMINGUE French Colony Island of Hispaniola African Slaves who worked on plantations Leader of Revolution: Toussaint L’Ouverture Freed slaves 1804: Claim Independence as Haiti Significance: first Latin American colony to free themselves CREOLES Least oppressed class below peninsulares Educated and spread revolutionary ideas Felt they were being treated unfairly by the peninsulares and government Last Straw: Napoleon overthrowing king of Spain and making his brother king No loyalty to new king and revolt LEADERS OF REVOLUTIONS Two Creole Generals were key to success Simon Bolivar (aka The Great Liberator) Writer, fighter, and political thinker Won independence for Venezuela Led combined armies to victory giving independence to several Spanish colonies (next page) Teams up with Jose de San Martin to help other Latin America colonies gain independence Jose de San Martin Helped win independence for Argentina and Chile Additional Independence Winners Bolivar helped Peru, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador gain independence MEXICO Mestizos and Indians led the fight for independence Failures of Revolution: Miguel Hidalgo: tried to lead revolution but failed when the creoles joined with the government and put down the rebellion Feared Mestizos and Indians taking their land Jose Maria Morelos become leader of rebellion for the next four years but it also defeated CREOLES CHANGE SIDES New government came to power in Spain Creoles feared they’d lose their rights and sided with lower classes Rebel and achieve independence for Mexico in 1821 BLOODLESS REVOLUTION Brazil was controlled by Portugal Change in kings leads to independence Petition: 8,000 Creoles signed a paper pleading for Brazil’s independence King agreed COMMERCIAL BREAK What do you Think of when you here Nationalism? Think of some examples of how we show nationalism here in the U.S Europe Faces Revolution Main Idea: Liberal and Nationalist uprisings challenged the old regime’s reestablished by the Congress of Vienna. Struggle for power between Conservatives: Supported the king (Nobles) Liberals: Power for legislature (Merchants/Business) Radicals: end rule of king/full voting rights for all Spread of Nationalism Pride in one’s country Loyalty is to your country and not your ruler or empire group of people who share a common culture and history Felt they should have a right to land they could call their own Nation-state: group with their own government Leaders of these groups began using the idea of nationalism as a way to unite people under a common goal The Balkans Area of first group to win selfrule Greeks broke away from the Ottoman Empire Fight for Greek Independence Ottoman’s despised rebellion and tried to put down rebellion Greeks rich history and influence on other countries for decades allowed them to gain support around Europe Russia, France, and Britain sided with the Greeks and helped them win their independence Not All Rebellions Were Successful Italy tried to unite their several different states but failed Poles (Polish) revolted against the Russians and were put down. Hungarians and Czechs fail Revolutions of 1848: several states attempted to revolt but were poorly organized and were slaughtered by the old regimes Significance: Old Regimes did not back down from nationalism and liberal attempts for change (Reaction to Revolutions) France Tries Again! France: restored absolute monarchy (result of congress of Vienna) Sparked riots Political groups battled for what reforms would be made (bloody) Form parliament and strong president elected by the people Louis-Napoleon Becomes president (Napoleon’s nephew) Built railroads, encouraged industrialization Helps restore prosperity and decreases unemployment Need for Reform in Russia Problems leading to Reform: Failed to Industrialize (will hurt country for decades!) Feudalism still existed hurting the economy and leaving the serfs under brutal living conditions Czar Nicholas I: continued to fail at war due to his lack of supplies for his army from their poor economy Alexander II modernizes Russia Son of Nicholas who modernizes after shortcomings of the war Wanted to be able to compete with the west Frees Serfs Reforms come to a halt when he is assassinated! Alexander III takes over and tightens control and focuses on industrialization Nationalism Main Idea: nationalism plays big role in forming Italy and Germany. Unification would allow countries to grow economically and gain colonies (Italy and Germany did not have colonies in Latin America and other places because they were divided) Nationalist Builders Nationality Ethnic ancestry History Culture Language Religion NATIONALISM SHAKES EMPIRES Strong national leaders would be the key to the success of unifying groups and gaining independence Nationalism created ethnic unrest in some empires Russification: policy forcing Russian culture on ethnic groups in Russia. Significance: Backfires and pride in ethnic groups grows eventually causing revolution in which groups will break away from the crumbling Russian empire Unification of Italy Ruled by Austria and Spain Camillo di Cavour Prime minister who unified Northern Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi “The Red One” Leader of the redshirts (patriots) who won control over parts of Southern Italy Territories would unify with one another Unifying Germany Germany was made of 39 loosely grouped states Austrian Empire controlled them What Happens? Prussia helps unify German States Prussians were mostly German and nationalism united their empire instead of broke them apart Use powerful army to push for unification Wilhelm I Was being denied money by parliament to raise of bigger army Supported by the Junkers (Conservatives) Believed in centralized power Otto Von Bismark: Junker who was elected prime minister. Master of realpolitik (politics of reality) Means tougher politics and rejects idealism (Belief that anything can be achieved) Otto Von Bismark Uses Realpoltik to become one of the most commanding figures in German History Had kings approval to rule without the consent of parliament Believed in the use of “Blood and Iron” Violence instead of peaceful change Manipulates allies and enemies by turning them against each other and forcing war. During war, nationalism grows in Southern Germany and they support the Prussian empire and their leader Kaiser Wilhelm Kaiser Term given to German and Prussian leaders that means emperor. Bismark achieved Prussian dominance and unification of Germany Summing it Up: Shift in Power Congress of Vienna establishes 5 great powers Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia Equal in strength Who emerges at the top after 1800? Prussia (Germany) and Britain Powerful economies and militaries In the Middle: France Lagging Far Behind: Austria and Russia Revolutions in Art Main Idea: Enlightenment ideas are replaced by a new movement called romanticism Romanticism: movement in arts and ideas that focused on nature and the thoughts and feelings of the individual Romanticism vs. Enlightenment Valued feeling not reason Valued nature not society Supporters of the past: viewed the past as simpler and a better time to live Encouraged tradition but still did support democracy Writing and Music Famous Writing of the Early 1800’s Victor Hugo: Hunchback of Notre Dame Poor individual fighting back against an unfair society Mary Shelley: Frankenstein Horror tales of good and evil Music Appealed to hearts and souls of listeners Beethoven became famous during this period Fall of Romanticism and Rise of Realism Harsh working life and living conditions brought down the positive mood of Romanticism Replace by Realism (Reality) Show things as they really were Art was used to protest unfair social conditions Works Emile Zola: book revealed harsh working conditions and helped lead to new laws Charles Dickens: books on how people were suffering from the industrial economy Film and Photography Creation of the camera changes art 1827 first permanent photo Ability to capture real moments Reaction against realism Impressionism: used light and shimmering colors to produce an impression of a subject or moment (tried to stay more positive)