Transcript Introductions
New Directions in STD Testing and Treatment
Stephanie Cohen, MD, MPH Medical Director, San Francisco City Clinic San Francisco Department of Public Health Ina Park, MD, MS Chief, Office of Medical and Scientific Affairs CA Dept of Public Health – STD Control Branch
Development of CDC STD Treatment Guidelines Enlistment of Subject Matter Experts Answer the “Key Questions” Rate the quality of the evidence Key Questions Systematic Review of Evidence Guidelines Meeting, April 2013 Background papers Tables of evidence
Online: www.cdc.gov/std/treatment
Identify critical gaps in knowledge (research agenda) Write the Guidelines document
CDC STD Treatment Guidelines
Authoritative, evidence-based source for STD clinical management Recommended regimens preferred over alternative regimens Alphabetized unless there is a priority of choice Available at www.cdc.gov/std Wall charts, pocket guides, app
STD Screening for Women
Sexually Active adolescents & up to age 25 Routine
chlamydia
and
gonorrhea
screening Others STDs and HIV based on risk Women over 25 years of age STD/HIV testing based on risk Pregnant women Chlamydia Gonorrhea (≤ 25 years of age or at-risk) HIV Syphilis serology HepB sAg Hep C (if high risk)
CDC 2010 STD Tx Guidelines www.cdc.gov/std/treatment
STD Screening for MSM*
Screen at least annually, q 3-6 mos if high risk
*
HIV Syphilis Urethral GC and CT Rectal GC and CT (if anal sex) Pharyngeal GC (if oral sex) Also screen for: Hepatitis B
(repeat as indicated by risk) Proposed: HIV+ MSM & anal cancer: Annual digital rectal exam may be useful, some centers perform anal Pap and HRA for ASC-US or worse.
* High risk: multiple and/or anonymous partners, drug use, or high risk partners
CDC 2010 STD Tx Guidelines www.cdc.gov/std/treatment
Hepatitis C screening for HIV+
Proposed : positive).” [In HIV-infected men and women] “HCV antibody tests should be serially monitored, at least yearly and more frequently depending on local circumstances (HCV prevalence, incidence, resources, and other factors), to detect conversion from HCV-antibody-negative to
Chlamydia
Chlamydia Treatment Adolescents and Adults
• New incidence estimates: • • • ▪ 2.8 million cases in US annually Diagnostic issues: ▪ ▪ Self collected rectal swabs for MSM appear as sensitive as clinician collected swabs Highly acceptable to patients Pharyngeal screening: ▪ ▪ Not routinely recommended If detected, treat with routine CT tx regimens Hetero male screening: ▪ Consider in certain venues only (corrections, STD clinics, etc) Satterwhite et al. STD 2013
Chlamydia Treatment Adolescents and Adults
Recommended regimens
(non-pregnant): Azithromycin 1 g orally in a single dose Doxycycline 100 mg orally twice daily for 7 days
Recommended regimens
(pregnant*): Azithromycin 1 g orally in a single dose
* Test of cure at 3-4 weeks in pregnancy Proposed Changes:
Add Doxycycline delayed release 200 mg tablet daily x 7 days Equally efficacious to generic doxycycline 100mg BID x 7 days Less GI side effect More expensive Concerns over amoxicillin use in pregnancy due to chlamydia persistence in vitro Use only as an “alternative regimen”
Robert
• 38 yo HIV positive MSM at primary care visit.
• Doing well on atripla, with an undetectable VL and a CD4 450. No STD symptoms.
• Routine STD screen: Rectal CT NAAT is positive, treated with Azithromycin 1 g PO x1.
• At his next follow-up visit 3 months later, his rectal CT NAAT is again positive and he reports that he has not had any receptive anal sex since his last visit.
Chlamydia Treatment: Areas of Clinical Uncertainty
Observational data suggest azithromycin may be less effective than doxycycline for anorectal Chlamydia infection Four published studies, 2 abstracts Not randomized Most single arm or historical cohort as comparator Varying times to test of cure Low rates of follow-up
Treatment of asymptomatic rectal CT
Author/ Site
Steedman 2009 Edinburgh Elgalib 2011 London
Study population
Men and women with rectal CT MSM with rectal CT; London Drummond 2011 Sydney MSM with rectal CT; Sydney
% of rectal Chlamydia infections that were asx
92/101 (91%) 487/766 (64%) 116/125 (93%)
Regimen
Azithro 1 g Not reported
Doxy 100 BID x 7d Median Time to TOC
45 days Azithro 1 g 78 days
% who returned for TOC Overall efficacy
68/78 (87%)
87% “Apparent” efficacy (excluding possible repeat infections)
99% 165/487 (34%) 85/116 (73%)
99% 87%
99% 94% Steedman NM, Int J STD AIDS 2009; Elgalib A, Int J STD AIDS 2011; Drummond F, Int J STD AIDS 2011
Treatment of asymptomatic rectal CT
Author
Hathorn 2012 Birmingham, UK
Study population % of infections that were asx
Men and women with rectal CT 260/265 (98%) Khosropour Seattle Khosropour (AWARE) Multiple sites (US) MSM with rectal CT 83% Men with rectal CT Not reported
Regimen Median Time to TOC
Cohort 1: Azithro (N=89) Cohort 2: Doxy (N=78) Azithro or Doxy (not random ized) Azithro or Doxy (not random ized) Not reported 14-180 d.
180 d.
% who returned for TOC Overall efficacy “Apparent efficacy “
Cohort 1: 47% Cohort 2: 51%
Azithro: 74%
Azihtro 79%
Doxy: 95%
Doxy: 95% 33% Azithro 38% Doxy 88% Azithro 92% Doxy
Azithro: 78%
Not assessed
Doxy: 92%
For rectal CT:
Azithro: 84% Doxy: 90%
Not assessed Hathorn E, STI 2012; Khosropour CM, Abstract 2013; Khosropour CM, Abstract 2013.
Rectal Chlamydia
• No changes to guidelines proposed based on these data • Need RCT • Some sites using doxycycline as 1 st line treatment for rectal CT
Greg
• 38 yo HIV positive MSM, doing well on atripla, with an undetectable VL and a CD4 450. • Presents with rectal discharge and pain with sex • Presumptively treated with Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM x1 and Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID x 7 days for proctitis • Rectal CT NAAT positive
Proctitis
Recommended: Consider LGV: Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM once PLUS Doxycycline 100 mg orally BID x 7 days 5-30% symptomatic rectal CT (aka CT proctitis) is LGV
If LGV suspected
Doxycycline 100 mg orally BID x 3 weeks
Presumptive treatment of LGV for MSM with proctitis and anorectal chlamydia, particularly if the patient is HIV-infected or any of the following symptoms or signs are present: bloody discharge, perianal ulcers or mucosal ulcers
Elgalib A, Int J STD AIDS 2011; Hathorn E, STI 2012, Hill Int J STD AIDS 2010, de Vrieze STI 2013.
Non-Gonoccocal Urethritis (NGU)
• • •
Issues discussed: >1 WBCs per hpf on urethral gram stain/methylene blue stain may be sufficient for diagnosis M. genitalium is a cause of 15-25% of NGU, no commercial test yet FDA approved Regional differences exist in T. vaginalis prevalence (testing could be considered in high-prevalence areas)
NGU Treatment
Recommended
• Azithromycin 1 gm PO x 1 dose
OR
• Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID x 7 days
Alternative
• Erythromycin base 500 mg PO QID x 7 days • Erythromycin ethylsuccinate 800 mg QID x 7 days • Levofloxacin 500 mg QD x 7 days • Ofloxacin 300 mg PO BID x 7 days
Persistent NGU Treatment
If azithromycin NOT given for 1 st episode: Azithromycin 1 g orally in a single dose
PLUS
Metronidazole 2 g orally in a single dose OR Tinidazole 2 g orally in a single dose If azithromycin given for 1 st episode: Moxifloxacin 400 mg orally qd x 7d
PLUS
Metronidazole 2 g orally in a single dose OR Tinidazole 2 g orally in a single dose
Mycoplasma Genitalium
• Good evidence for role in urethritis – 13-41% of men with persistent or recurrent urethritis have M. gent • May play role in PID • No commercially-available test • Azithromycin appears more effective than doxycycline for M. genitalium, but
e
fficacy of AZ for M. gent may be declining
(Manhart, CID 201
3) • Ongoing debate about whether it gets its own section
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea
• New incidence estimates: 820,000 cases in US annually • Diagnostic issues: – Self collected pharyngeal swabs: data look favorable but not enough data to recommend (less data than rectal) – Self collected rectal swabs (language similar to CT) Satterwhite et al. STD 2013
Evolution of Criteria for GC Treatment Recommendations
Antimicrobial resistance surveillance has guided treatment decisions (GISP, GASP)
Change in antimicrobial if resistance prevalence >5% (MMWR 1987)
GC treatment efficacy
>95% and 95% CI lower bound 95% (Moran, 1995)
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic factors
Serum concentration at least 4x MIC90 x 10 hr after peak (Jaffe1987) At least twice the minimum efficacious dose
Other factors
Mechanism of action Side effects and safety Cost
Alternative Treatment Approaches Until Newer Agents Available
Increase dose or duration of cephalosporin Antimicrobial susceptibility profile directed therapy Antibiotic cycling Dual therapy
CDC Treatment Recommendations for Gonococcal Infections 2012
• • •
Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM x 1 PLUS Azithromycin 1 g po x 1 OR Doxycycline 100 mg po BID x 7 days
• • Alternatives
If ceftriaxone not available or for expedited
partner therapy (EPT): Dual therapy with cefixime (cefixime PLUS azithro or doxy) If cephalosporin allergy: Azithromycin 2 g po x 1 PLUS Test of cure if alternative regimen used
2014
CDC Treatment Recommendations for Gonococcal Infections
(under consideration)
• • •
Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM x 1 PLUS Azithromycin 1 g po x 1 OR
Doxycycline 100 mg po BID x 7 days • • • Alternatives
If ceftriaxone not available or for expedited partner
therapy (EPT): Dual therapy with cefixime (cefixime PLUS azithro) or doxy If cephalosporin allergy: Azithromycin 2 g po x 1 Gentamicin (240mg IM or 5 mg/kg IM) /azithro 2 g PO or gemifloxacin 320 mg PO /azithro 2 g PO TOC if alternative regimen used for pharyngeal GC at ~14 days
GC Treatment: Areas of Clinical Uncertainty
No clinical data to support increasing dose of either ceftriaxone or azithromycin • Higher ceftriaxone and/or azithromycin doses recommended outside U.S. (UK, Japan, etc.) • Ceftriaxone in vitro susceptibility (MIC50 and MIC90) and clinical efficacy data in U.S. stable • Ceftriaxone Rx failures rare, all outside U.S. • • • Azithromycin 1g effectiveness meets lower CI >95% threshold Azithromycin resistance remains low, but can develop quickly When to get a TOC and optimal time to TOC still unclear
GC Dual Treatment Study
• • Randomized, open-label, non-comparative trial 401 men and women 15 – 60 years with uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea (culture-positive) • Treatment with either:
Regimen
Gentamicin 240 mg IM + azithromycin 2 g Gemifloxacin 320 mg PO + azithromycin 2 g
Efficacy
100% (lower 95%CI: 98.5%) 99.5% (lower 95%CI: 97.6%) • Both combinations were highly effective for treatment of urogenital GC
CT/GC Partner Treatment
CT/GC Partner Management Options
Partner notification • Patient directly notifies partner • 3 rd party (provider or health department) • Internet-based anonymous notification Partner treatment • Have patient bring partner to clinic for concurrent treatment (CPPT) • Expedited Partner Treatment (EPT) • Patient-delivered partner treatment (PDPT) • Health department field-delivered treatment • Pharmacy-based
Percent of Partners Treated by Partner Management Strategy, California FP Clinics, 2005-2006 100 80 60 40 20 0 53 Overall 79 77 40 12 CPPT (n=131) PDPT (n=193) Patient Referral (n=521) None (n=93)
Yu Y-Y, STD 2011
The Effectiveness of Expedited Partner Treatment on Re-Infection Rates
GONORRHEA 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 11% Usual Care P=.02
3% EPT CHLAMYDIA 13% P=.17
Usual Care 11% EPT
Golden M, et al. N Engl J Med 2005 Feb 17;352(7):676-85.
Partner Management: Key Points
• • • Clinical evaluation first-line option Concurrent patient-partner therapy is feasible and effective for many clients PDPT is still a second-line option – Safe and effective at reducing reinfection for GC – Dual therapy (cefixime 400 mg + azithromycin 1 g) is crucial if PDPT is offered
Proposed: CPPT may be added as recommended strategy Offer PDPT routinely to heterosexual pts with CT/GC if partner cannot be promptly treated
Partner Management: Areas of Clinical Uncertainty
• PDPT for gonorrhea in current era – Cefixime plus azithro still recommended • PDPT for MSM – remains an area of controversy – Harm reduction approach – Risks: • Missed opportunities for HIV and syphilis screening • Undiagnosed pharyngeal GC
Re-testing for Repeat Infection
• Repeat infections are extremely common • Dangerous – exponential increase in PID risk • All patients with CT, GC or syphilis should be retested ~ 3 months after initial treatment • Retesting should occur whenever patient returns to clinic (regardless of reason for visit), anytime within
1-12 months
post treatment
Syphilis
New incidence estimates: 55,000 cases annually Areas of Clinical Uncertainty
Role of reverse screening algorithm (starting with EIA instead of RPR) Unclear if EIAs are more sensitive for early syphilis than RPR Serologic response after treatment 17-21% patients with early syphilis with not achieve a four-fold decline in nontrep titer at 6-12 months Neurosyphilis case definition
Screening with Treponemal Immunoassay
EIA or CIA Negative Positive Not Syphilis Non-trep test (RPR) Positive Negative 2 nd Trep Test
Syphilis
(past or present) Negative Positive 1) Unconfirmed EIA Unlikely syphilis; if pt at risk retest in 1 month 1) Past Syphilis 2) Early Syphilis APHL-CDC Consultation Report, 1/2009 MMWR 2011/Vol 60 (5)
Syphilis Treatment
Primary, Secondary & Early Latent: Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units IM in a single dose Late Latent and Unknown Duration: Benzathine Penicillin G 7.2 million units total, given as 3 doses of 2.4 million units each at 1 week intervals Neurosyphilis: Aqueous Crystalline Penicillin G 18-24 million units IV daily administered as 3-4 million IV q 4 hr for 10 -14 d
Only one dose of PCN Is recommended for early syphilis in HIV-infected persons, extra doses not needed
Syphilis Treatment
Primary, Secondary & Early Latent
Alternatives (non-pregnant penicillin-allergic adults): Doxycycline 100 mg po bid x 2 weeks Tetracycline 500 mg po qid x 2 weeks Ceftriaxone 1 g IV (or IM) qd x 10-14 d If penicillin or doxycycline not feasible, consider: Azithromycin 2 g po in a single dose *
* Do NOT use azithromycin in MSM or pregnant women In pregnancy, benzathine penicillin is the only recommended therapy. No alternatives
Jeremy
• 26 yr old HIV-positive MSM, on stable cART regimen for 2 years, VL ND • Regularly screened for syphilis and other STDs q 6 months, all neg x 2 yrs – 6/2008- EIA +, RPR-, TP-PA – No symptoms and signs of syphilis – MD recommends retesting in a month
Jeremy..continued
• Returned 6 months later • EIA +, RPR +, titer 1:16 • No current symptoms or signs of syphilis • Denies interim symptoms/signs • Dx with Early Latent Syphilis • PCN-allergic (rash), treated with doxycycline
Jeremy’s Serologic Titers
• 12/1/08 titer: 1:16 • 3/25/09 titer: 1:8 • 6/5/09 titer: 1:8
Treatment Six-month F/u
Jeremy: Elevated Titers
•
What option would you choose for this patient
– LP to rule out neurosyphilis as reason for lack in 4-fold decline in titer – Repeat treatment with benzathine penicillin G x 3 weekly doses, consider LP in 6 months if titer still unchanged – Continue to follow serologic titers **Talk to him and assess risk of reinfection**
Jeremy: Subsequent Follow-up
• 12/1/08 titer: 1:16 • 3/09 titer: 1:8 • 6/09 titer: 1:8 • 12/09 titer: NR
Treatment One-year F/u
Genital Herpes
• New prevalence and incidence estimates: – 48.5 million currently infected – 776,000 new infections per year • Diagnosis: Currently culture and serology •
Proposed: NAATS are most sensitive and increasingly available
• Treatment: No changes proposed • Prevention: Suppressive anti HSV therapy in HIV/HSV-2 co-infected patients does not reduce risk of HIV transmission
This is genital herpes…
This is not: Primary Syphilis and HIV+
Presentation mimicking HSV, multiple ulcers
San Francisco City Clinic Photos courtesy of Joe Engelman, MD, SF City Clinic
HSV-1 and Genital Herpes
• Among MSM <28 yrs of age in Australia, 76% of cases of first episode anogenital herpes in 2004-2006 were due to HSV-1 (up from 17% in 1992-94) • Among MSM in Paris, receptive anilingus was associated with 6 fold increased odds of anogenital HSV-1 • University setting; 78% of cases first episode genital herpes due to HSV-1 • Whether genital HSV-1 is associated with same increased risk of HIV acquisition as HSV-2 is unknown Ryder et al STI 2009; 85 (416) Janier et al Int J STD AIDS 2006; 17 Roberts et al STD 2003; 30 (10)
HSV Acquisition among Women Aged 18-30 in the Control Arm of the Herpevac trial Included subjects n=3438 No disease suspected N=3196 Suspected Disease n=242 Not infected n=3075 HSV-1 n=92 HSV-2 n=29 Not infected n=180 HSV-1 n=35 HSV-1 infection rate > 2x the HSV-2 infection rate (2.5 vs 1.1 per 100 person-years) HSV-2 n=27 Bernstein, Clin Infect Dis 2013:56
HSV NAATs more sensitive than culture
• N=508 participants with anogenital lesions at STD and family planning clinics – 260 HSV-2 and 73 HSV-1 infections identified • Tested with HSV NAAT (BD ProbeTec Q x ) culture, PCR (quantitative viral load)
Method
Sensitivity Specificity
Culture
79.7 ±1.9
98.9 ±1.9
HSV Q x
100.0
98.3
± 0.6
PCR
100.0
97.0 ±0.8
Van der Pol, B JCM 2012: 55
Genital Herpes Treatment, HIV+
Acyclovir Initial or Recurrent lesions (5-14 days) Suppression 400 mg po TID 400 po BID Famciclovir 500 mg po BID 500 mg po BID Valacyclovir 1 g po BID 500 mg po BID
Famciclovir less effective for suppression of shedding Suppression can continue indefinitely without regard to CD4 improvement CDC/IDSA/HIVMA/NIH Adult Opportunistic Infection Guidelines, 2012
More potent antivirals needed to completely suppress HSV shedding
• N=90 HSV+, HIV-negative participants, Swabs of genitals for PCR 4 times a day to look for shedding Regimens compared: • No meds vs Acyclovir 400mg BID • Valacyclovir 500 mg Daily vs Acyclovir 800mg TID • Valacyclovir 500 mg Daily vs Valacyclovir 1 gm TID
Outcome: Short bursts of subclinical HSV detected even during high-dose anti-herpes RX
Johnston C et al. Lancet 2012
Human Papillomavirus
New prevalence and incidence estimates: 79 million people currently infected 14 million new infections annually Genital Wart Management Podophyllin resin 10 25% moved to “alternative therapy” for genital warts Case reports of adverse effects with misuse Case reports of inflammatory responses to imiquimod Worsened inflammatory or autoimmune skin disease such as psoriasis, vitiligo, and lichenoid dermatoses Additional FDA approved formulation of imiquimod 3.75 % cream applied daily
Satterwhite STD 2013
Sharon
• 38 yr old G2P1 • Presents to early care HIV-clinic for intake visit, was diagnosed 2 months ago • Not currently taking antiretroviral medications • No history of HPV-related disease, no prior abnormal Paps
Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines,
Average Risk Women (not HIV infected)
Age Group
< 21 21-29 30-65
Screening Recommendation
DO NOT SCREEN Cytology q 3 years* DO NOT USE HPV co-testing Cytology q 3 years* OR Cytology + HPV cotest q 5 years* > 65 Discontinue if adequate prior screening & not at high risk Hysterectomy for benign reasons Do not screen * Screening intervals reduced with h/o high grade disease, DES exposure, immunosuppression/HIV USPSTF March 2012 ACS/ASCCP/ACIP March 2012
Screening in Special Populations-HIV+, immunocompromised
• Consider starting 1 year after sexual debut, regardless of age • Cytology alone q 6 months for the first year • If cytology negative, continue annual screening for life • If cytology abnormal-follow ASCCP guidelines – EXCEPTION: Do not use HPV tests to follow-up abnormal cytology in HIV-infected women .
– High prevalence of oncogenic HPV among HIV-positive women limits utility of HPV testing CDC/NIH/HIVMA/IDSA 2012 Guidelines for Prevention & Treatment of Opportunistic Infections
*NEW* Cervical Abnormalities Management Algorithms -- ONLINE
www.asccp.org
ACIP HPV Vaccine Recommendations
* Population Gender
All Females All Males
Age
11-26 (as young as 9) 11-21 (as young as 9) 22-26
Recommendation Routine
vaccination with either
HPV4
or
HPV2 Routine
vaccination with
HPV4
Permissive recommendation
HPV 4
MSM and HIV+ Males 22-26
Routine
vaccination with
HPV 4
* Irrespective of history of abnormal Pap, HPV, genital warts
MMWR, May 28 2010; 59(20):626-629 , 630-632 MMWR , December 23 2011; 60(50);1705-1708
Trichomonas
• Incidence estimates: 1 million new infections • Prevalence: 3% nationwide, 10% African American women, 20-30% among incarcerated women • • Proposed: Retesting recommended 3 months after treatment Consider screening those at high risk for infection or negative sequelae (receiving care in corrections or STD clinic settings)
Management of TV with HIV co infection
HIV-infected women should receive periodic screening for TV including at entry to care and annually HIV-infected, pregnant women should be screened for TV, ? at mid-gestation HIV-infected women diagnosed with TV should receive metronidazole 500mg BID for 7 days to improve cure rates HIV-infected women with TV randomized to 7 days of metronidazole 500mg BID (vs. 2g once) had less TV at TOC and at 3 months RR 0.46, CI:0.21
–0.98
(Kissinger, 2010)
HIV/STD Prevention
Slides courtesy of Susan Philip, MD, MPH
Advances in HIV Prevention
• HPTN 052 Among serodiscordant couples, treating HIV positive partner decreases transmission risk by 96% • PrEP iPrEX, Partners PrEP, TDF-2, Thai IDU Study
Proposed: Antiretroviral treatment should be offered to HIV-infected persons not only to provide benefit to individual health but also to reduce transmission to sex partners.
Proposed: HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis should be available to sexually active MSM and to adults at high risk of HIV infection per the current CDC recommendations. All clients requesting PrEP should be counseled that high levels of adherence are needed for the best efficacy.
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis of STDs, HIV and Unintended Pregnancy
Emergency Contraception – Plan B One Step – 1.50mg levonorgestrel as a single dose approved for sale OTC with no age restrictions – Next Choice – 2 tablets of 0.75mg levonorgestrel taken 12 hours apart – Ella (FDA approved 2010) – 30mg ulipristal acetate as a single dose after two clinical trials demonstrated it was safe and effective (Glasier 2010)(Fine 2010) • A recent Cochrane review concluded that the copper IUD was the most effective emergency contraceptive and only one that provides ongoing contraception (Cheng 2012)
STD/HIV Prevention Counseling Project AWARE
• RCT of 5012 clients in STD clinics in the US • Brief client-centered HIV risk-reduction counseling vs. information only • Outcome: STIs and HIV positivity at 6 mo f/u • No difference in STI incidence by study arm (aRR = 1.12; 95% CI 0.95-1.33). • In MSM, 99/529 (18.7%) incident STI in counseling arm vs. 68/545 (12.5%) in info only arm (aRR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.04, 2.10).
(Metsch, JAMA in press
HIV Seroadaptation
• Community originated strategy for HIV prevention • Predicated on knowledge of self and partner HIV-infection status. • Serosorting: – Choosing sex partners of the same HIV-infection status – Choosing to selectively use condoms only with HIV serodiscordant partners – Viral load serosorting • Seropositioning: HIV-infected individual is the receptive partner for anal intercourse.
HIV Seroadaptation and HIV risk
• In most studies, serosorting assoc with decreased HIV risk c/w no seroadaptive behavior (OR 0.26-0.88) • In one study, serosorting NOT assoc with decreased HIV risk for AA MSM • No data to support seropositioning for HIV risk reduction Phillip 2010, Vallabhaneni 2012, Golden 2012
HIV Seroadaptation and STD risk
• Observational study in MSM: Serosorting associated with early syphilis and urogenital or rectal gonorrhea or chlamydia (aPR 2.51; 95% CI 1.79-3.51) (Hotton 2012).
• Heath in Men cohort of HIV-uninfected MSM in Australia: – Seroconcordant UAI vs. no UAI: Increased risk of urethral (aHR 1.97; 95% CI 1.43 2.72) and anal Chlamydia (aHR 1.62; 95% CI 1.11 2.36) – Seroconcordant UAI vs. Serodiscordant UAI: Reduced risk of syphilis (aHR 0.21; 95% CI 0.05-0.81) and urethral gonorrhea (aHR 0.61; 95% CI 0.39-0.96). (Jin 2012)
HIV Seroadaptation
Discussed: Providers should counsel HIV-uninfected MSM patients that seroadaptive strategies, including serosorting and seropositioning have shown some efficacy as an HIV risk reduction strategy but are not fully protective. However, these strategies do increase the risk of STD transmission and therefore are not a best practice to maintain overall sexual health.
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Parking lot
What is the maximum time allowed between Bicillin doses?
•
Clinical experience suggests 10-14 days ok for non pregnant adults
•
<9 days is best based on limited pharmacologic data
•
In pregnancy, must adhere to strict 7 days between doses
•
40% of pregnant women are below treponemicidal levels after 9 days
•
If a dose is missed, the entire series must be restarted