Transcript Chapter 13
Chapter 13 Southern and Eastern Africa Africa • Second largest continent • Location determines climate- very warm, very constant • Near equator – heavy rainfall • Savannas- about half of Africa covered in grasslands • Sahara- single most important geographic factor ▫ Divides continent ▫ Sub-Saharan Africadescribes all lands below the Sahara I. Southern Africa • Located South of the rain forests of the Congo Basin • Includes large island of Madagascar • South Africa ▫ Most important country in the South ▫ The Cape- tip of Africa Cape Town- 3rd largest city in Southern Africa Cape of Good Hope- original settlement by the Dutch ▫ Natal- coastal plains Lesotho is surrounded in this area Zulu tribe – most famous Bantu tribes ▫ Orange Free State settled by the Boers- Dutch farmers fled from the British crossed the Orange River Incorporated tribal languages with Dutch to form Afrikaans South Africa • Major Cities ▫ Johannesburg- largest city in South Africa ▫ Pretoria- administrative capital ▫ Cape Town- legislative capital • Apartheid ▫ Rigorous policy of racial separation ▫ 80% of pop. Is black, Afrikaners argued that all races are culturally different and should stay separate ▫ Every area of life separated, blacks lived in government reservations called “homelands”- had to carry a passport to leave ▫ Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk worked to end apartheid, successful in 1993 Lesotho • Gained independence from British in 1966 • Completely surrounded by South Africa • Uses water from Orange River to water crops and produce electricity • Swaziland ▫ Borders South Africa and Mozambique ▫ Highest rate of HIV and AIDS among adults in the world Avg. life span= 32 years Southwest Plateau • Botswana, Namibia, and Angola lie on the plateau in southwest Africa • Land is hot and dry- desert and grassland ▫ Kalahari Desert covers over half of Botswana ▫ 6th largest desert in the world • Botswana • Still part of the British commonwealth • Diamonds account for 80% of income • Many people try to find work in South Africa • Second highest rate of HIV- life expectancy- 34 years Namibia •Cold ocean to the West keeps things cool, creates lots of fog •Northern shore nicknamed Skeleton Coast for all the shipwrecks •80% are Christian •Very dependent on South Africa, trying to break free Angola •Almost 2x the size of Texas •Abundance of diamonds and petroleum reserves, but warfare keeps them from benefitting fully •Strong Portuguese influence dating back to Portugal’s ports there Zambezi River Nations • 4th longest river in Africa • 4 nations lie along the river: Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi Mozambique •Large colony of Portugal until 1975, still speak Portuguese •Suffered a civil war that killed 1 million people, finally settled peacefully in 1994 •Serves as a port for 4 landlocked countries Zimbabwe •Wide variety of mineral resources •Produces gold, steel, nickel and other products •80% of people live in poverty •Victoria Fall is on the northwest corner- one of most spectacular waterfalls in the world (pg. 333) •Gained independence from Britain in 1980, has had one ruler Robert Mugabe since then Zambia •Largest producer of copper in Africa •75% of the people live in poverty •16% of adults live with HIV/AIDS •Cuisine of Zambia: nshima and ndiwo Malawi •Lake Malawi is 3rd largest in Africa •One of world’s poorest nations- lacks natural resources, remote location deters transportation or tourism •Tobacco and tea are two most important crops Indian Ocean Islands • Madagascar ▫ Separated from continent by Mozambique Channel ▫ Very diverse: mountains, deserts, plains ▫ Several endemic species: lemurs, aye-ayes, etc. ▫ French is still spoken and Malagasy • Comoros ▫ 4 main volcanic islands ▫ Most people are Muslim ▫ Official languages: French, Arabic and Shikmoro • Seychelles ▫ 115 tropical islands north of Madagascar ▫ Only one town: Victoria ▫ Descendents of French settlers and slaves, Most people speak Creole • Mauritius ▫ Has been ruled by Dutch, British and French ▫ Growing quickly since independence in 1968 in banking, tourism and industry ▫ 48% are Hindu II. Eastern Africa • Significant features: ▫ Great Rift Valley ▫ Nile river Lakes Region Typical African images come from this area 2 large countries: Kenya and Tanzania 3 small countries: Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi Lakes Region • Kenya ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ A little smaller than Texas Advanced cities Many come to see wildlife Nairobi: capital city Equator crosses through, many people live in highlands for cooler temps ▫ Masai tribe- live on the Kenyan section of the Serengeti Tanzania • Started off German, went to the British after WWI, and in 1964 joined with island of Zanzibar to be Tanzania • 120 ethnic groups • Swahili is common language • Mount Kilimanjaro lies on the border with Kenya ▫ Highest mountain in Africa ▫ Snow falls on the peak even though its close to the equator Uganda • • • • Capital: Kampala High plateau in the south Savanna in the north Region around Lake Victoria has best farmland • Has been independent since 1962, but under a cruel leader Yoweri Museveni since 1985 Rwanda • Home to half of the world’s remaining mountain gorillas • High population density • Hutus= 84% of pop., Tutsis= 15% • Bloody civil war in 1990, Hutus began killing Tutsis and other moderate Hutus… one of the worst cases of genocide in recent years Burundi Small country, large population Capital: Bujumbura Coffee is major export crop Landlocked, so overseas trade is difficult The Horn of Africa • Ethiopia ▫ 3rd in population behind Egypt and Nigeria ▫ Only one of two nations to never have successful European colonization ▫ Blue Nile begins in Ethiopia ▫ Ethiopian Highlands in North and Central Addis Ababa- capital city Eritrea • Dominated by central plateau • Most live in poverty due to longest war for independence on African continent- Italian colony, annexed by Ethiopia, fought for 40 yrs Djibouti •Almost the size of Massachusetts •Guards the Bab al-Mandeb- entrance to the Red Sea •Most people live in capital city- Djibouti •Relies on other countries for food, very little arable land Somalia • Occupies East coast of Horn • Bad relationship with neighbors- tried to annex places where Somalis lived • North- hilly, South- flat • Somalis- black African tribe that speaks Somali, Muslim, close ties with Saudi Arabia • Internal Strife- gov collaped in 91, US helped until 15 Americans died in a raid, UN withdrew in 95, in 2004 a new gov was put in place, North separated and declared independence (Somaliland) no one recognizes, but they elected their own president in 2003 Sudan •Largest country in Africa •Very similar to Egypt culturally •Most speak Arabic •70% Muslim •Independent in 1956, but struggle between Muslim North and Christian South hindered development for 50 yrs •2003 Genocide- western Darfur region was hit with fighting btw two Muslim ethnic groups (200,000 lives lost) •Economic potential with discovery of oil in the North •Capital- Khartoum- sits where the Nile begins •Large areas of desert or swamp (Sudd) South Sudan • officially the Republic of South Sudan • Became a country in July 2011 • Suffered years of persecution and warfare • Needs to build basic infrastructure— schools, roads, hospitals • Its current capital is Juba • 98.83% of the population voted for independence. Those living in the north and expatriates living overseas also voted • disputes still remain such as sharing of the oil revenues as an estimated 80% of the oil in the nation is secured from South Sudan, which would represent amazing economic potential • The region of Abeyi remains disputed • Thousands still displaced • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Sudan Angola Namibia South Africa Lesotho Swaziland Botswana Zimbabwe Zambia Burundi Rwanda Uganda Malawi Kenya Ethiopia Somalia • • • • • • • • • • • • Eritrea for Chapter Djibouti 13 Quiz Comoros Mozambique Madagascar Mauritius Seychelles Tanzania South Atlantic Indian Ocean Red Sea Mediterranean Sea