Transcript The Effects of Sexual Orientation in the Courtroom One

The Effects of Sexual Orientation
in the Courtroom
One-Way Anova
Serena Evans
Kym Regan
Chesleigh Keene
What Happens When….
• a homosexual is a victim of a violent crime?
Is the victim stigmatized for his sexual
orientation, or is he able to receive equal
treatment in a courtroom?
• a homosexual man is accused of a sexual
assault? Will he be able to receive a fair trial?
• the alleged victim is a heterosexual male?
Will the alleged offender’s sexual orientation
or the evidence be the concentration of the
trial?
Background
• Homonegativity: irrational fear of
homosexuality
• In the U.S., there is a growing number of
male rapes, and due to high levels of
homonegativity, it is hypothesized that
homosexuals will receive unfair treatment in
sexual assault trials.
• The reason there is a concern is because of
the continual rise and occurrence of male
rapes. It seems that it will not be long before
male victims seek justice for the crimes
committed against them.
Introduction
• Four conditions were examined
controlling for the gender and sexuality
of both the defendant and victim, and a
mock sexual assault trial was created
controlling for factors known to affect
juror’s decisions. These conditions will
be shown in the raw data slide.
Taken From:
• Hill, Jennifer M. “The Effects of Sexual
Orientation in the Courtroom: A Double
Standard.” Journal of Homosexuality, 39
(2) 93-111. 2000. Hawthorne Press,
Inc.
Research Question
• Does there appear to be sufficient
evidence to conclude with at least 95%
that homosexuals are treated differently
than heterosexuals in sexual assault
trials?
Statistical Hypothesis
• Ho: μ1=μ2=μ3=μ4
• H1: The means are not all equal
Decision Rule
• Given: N1=10, N2=10, N3=10, N4=10
Ntotal=40
α=.05
Data appropriate for
One-Way Anova
We will reject the null hypothesis if
the calculated F(3, 36) > 2.86.
Raw Data
•
•
•
•
1=Heterosexual male allegedly assaults a heterosexual female
2=Heterosexual male allegedly assaults a homosexual female
3=Homosexual male allegedly assaults a heterosexual male
4=Homosexual male allegedly assaults a homosexual male
•
1
6
•
2
4
1
4
2
5
1
6
2
5
1
6
2
1
1
4
2
7
1
5
2
4
1
8
2
5
1
2
2
3
1
5
2
5
1
5
2
6
•
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
5
3
2
3
5
3
5
3
2
3
4
3
3
•
4
6
4
5
4
7
4
4
4
8
4
9
4
2
4
4
4
5
4
7
Calculations
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
N=
10
10
HeteroM vs. HeteroF
10
HomoM vs. HeteroM
HeteroM vs. HomoF
CONDITIONS
10
HomoM vs. HomoM
Decision
• We will reject the null hypothesis at a
.05 level of significance because our
F(3, 36)= 3.11>2.86.
Interpretations
•
•
•
This study does provide sufficient evidence to conclude with 95%
confidence that homosexuals are treated unfairly in the courtroom.
F(3, 36)=3.11, p <0.05. The exact p-value for the study ( p = 0.04)
shows that we are actually more than 96% confident that group size
affects mean response time. A Tukey HSD post-hoc test (alpha = 0.05)
shows that the difference that stands out the most at a .03 level of
significance is between the homosexual male versus heterosexual
male case and the homosexual male versus the homosexual male
case. This shows that the homosexual male who attacks the
heterosexual male is given a higher level of guilt. Our data only
included group sizes of ten, while the original data used a group size of
eighteen people per condition; therefore, our study would be more
accurate with a slightly larger group size.
The effect size observed in this study, eta2= 0.21 This large effect size
can be interpreted as indicating that 21% of the variation among the
court cases are related to homonegativity, while 79% of the court
cases are attributable to individual differences.
The sustained power is .68, and since the probability of a Type II error
is (1-power), there would be a 32% chance of a Type II error. This is
higher than the usual preferred 20% chance, but it is not too extreme
that we would need to worry.
Future Research
• Further research could be done to try to find
out how we can decrease homonegativity.
• More research could be done comparing
homonegativity with the victim’s gender.
• We could also take a closer look at the
homonegativity based on different age groups