AKS 44: Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism CHAPTER 24.3 – PAGES 692-697 CHAPTER 25 – PAGES 717-741 CHAPTER 28.2 – PAGES 810-813

Industrialization in England Contributing Factors: • Agricultural Revolution: – Wealthy bought more land  experimentation – Results: • Tried new agricultural methods • Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or give up farming & move to cities – Ex: Jethro Tull invented seed drill Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

Industrialization in England Contributing Factors: • Crop Rotation: – Improved medieval 3-field system – Ex: • Year 1: Wheat (exhausted soil nutrients) • Year 2: Root crop like turnips (restore nutrients) • Year 3: Barley • Year 4: Clover

Industrialization in England Contributing Factors: • Why Britain?: – Natural Resources: • Water power & coal – fuel machines • Iron ore – construct machines, tools, buildings • Rivers – inland transportation • Harbors – merchant ships set sail

Industrialization in England Contributing Factors: • Why Britain?: – Economic Expansion: • Investment in new inventions • Highly developed banking system • Growing trade, economic prosperity, climate of progress  increased demand for goods

Industrialization in England Contributing Factors: • Why Britain?: – Political Stability: • No wars on British soil • Positive attitude • Laws to encourage business • Britain had factors of production (land, labor, and capital)

Industrialization in Germany Contributing Factors: Natural Resources: – Obstacle = political disunity – Coal-rich Ruhr Valley – Led to importation of British equipment, engineers – Sent children to England to learn industrial management

Industrialization in Germany Contributing Factors: • Railroads: – Built linking manufacturing cities to Ruhr Valley

Industrialization in Japan Contributing Factors • Meiji Reform: – Meiji = “enlightened rule” – Mutsuhito – symbolized pride & nationalism – Took over gov’t after Tokugawa shogun stepped down

Industrialization in England Process: • Transportation: – James Watt – improved steam engine – Robert Fulton – put steam engine in steamboat – England – canals built – slashed cost of transporting goods – Improved roads where wagons would not sink when it rained – Steam-powered locomotives

Industrialization in England Process: • Rise of Cities: – Growth of factory system and people shift toward cities (urbanization) – Built near sources of energy (coal & water) – London most important  city building

Industrialization in England Process: • Living & Working Conditions: – No development plans, sanitary & building codes – Lacked housing, education – Sickness widespread – Avg. worker = 14 hrs/day, 6 days/wk – Factories not clean or safe – no aid in case of injury – Coal mines most dangerous – children and women employed here b/c they were cheap

Industrialization in Germany Process: • Transportation: – See above • Economy & Military: – Economic strength spurred ability to become military power

Industrialization in Japan Process: • Transportation: – Followed industrialization – Early 1900s = modern economy – Built railroads

Industrialization in Japan Process: • Westernization: – To counter western influence = modernize – Diplomats sent to Europe, N. America to study Western ways – Chose best & adapted – Modernized military

Industrialization in Japan Process: • Modernization: – Coal production grew – Built thousands of factories – Expanded unique production (tea & silk) – Shipbuilding to be

Industrialization Working Conditions: • Industry created many new jobs • Factories were dirty, unsafe, dangerous • Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline • Long-Term Effect: – Workers won ↑ wages, shorter hours, better conditions

Industrialization Social Classes: • Factory workers – overworked, underpaid • Overseers & skilled workers rose to lower middle class. Factory owners & merchants formed upper middle class.

• Upper middle class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were.

• Long-Term Effect: – Standard of living rose

Industrialization Size of Cities: • Factories brought job seekers to cities • Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size • Many cities specialized in certain industries • Long-Term Effect: – Suburbs grew as people fled crowded cities

Industrialization Living Conditions: • Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls • Housing, water, & social services were scarce • Epidemics swept through the city • Long-Term Effect: – Housing, diet, & clothing improved

Impact of Industrialization Rise of Global Inequality: • Widened wealth gap b/w industrialized & non-industrialized countries • Industrialized saw poor countries as markets for manufacturing products • Began seizing colonies for economic resources  imperialism

Impact of Industrialization Transformation of Society: • Industrialization = tremendous economic power • Population, health, wealth rose dramatically in all industrialized countries • Development of middle class – education & democratic participation  social reform

Important Writings Adam Smith: • Basic Ideas: – Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress – Government need not interfere in the economy • Wrote “Wealth of Nations”

Important Writings Karl Marx: • Predicted destruction of the capitalist system & creation of a classless communist state in which the means of production would be owned by the people • Wrote “Communist Manifesto”

Impact of Urbanization on Women Mixed Blessing: • Good: Factory work = higher wages than work done at home • Bad: Women usually made 1/3 the amount men made

Impact of Urbanization on Women Reform Movements: • Women formed unions in women dominated fields • Served as safety inspectors in women dominated factories

Impact of Urbanization on Women Jane Adams: • Ran a settlement house to provide social services to residents of a poor neighborhood

Nationalism Unification of Germany: • Led by Prussia • Otto von Bismarck – Prime Minister under Wilhelm I – Policy of Realpolitik: • Tough power politics - no idealism • Issues not decided by resolutions, but by “blood and iron” • Allowed him to expand Prussia & achieve dominance

Germany Seven Weeks’ War (1866) • Bismarck provoked Austria to declare war on Prussia • Prussia (superior training & equipment) humiliated Austria • Austrians lost Venetia – given to Italy • Had to accept Prussian annexation of more German territory • Prussia took control of N. Germany – for 1 st time, E & W Prussia joined

Germany Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) • Bismarck manufactured “incident” that caused France to declare war on Prussia • Defeated and humiliated the French • Bismarck became a national hero w/ victory • Final stage in German unification • S. Germans (Catholic) accepted Prussian (Protestant) leadership • King Wilhelm I crowned “Kaiser” – emperor – Called empire “Second Reich” (HRE was the 1st) • Bismarck achieved Prussian dominance by “blood and iron”

Nationalism Unification of Italy: • Led by Sardinia • Camillo di Cavour – Prime Minister under Victor Emmanuel II – Worked to expand Sardinian Empire – Succeeded through war, alliances, & help of nationalist rebels – Red Shirts – Garibaldi-rebel leader – Unified Italy in process

Germany & Italy - Similarities

• Leaders were aristocrats • Nations united by nationalism • One state led unification • Prussia led German unification • Sardinia led Italian unification

Japan Modernization Pays Off for Japan • By 1890, Japan had: – Several dozen warships – 500,000 well-trained, well-armed soldiers – Became strongest military power in Asia

Japan Japan Gains Western Favor as a Nation-State • Constitution & legal codes similar to European nations • Wanted to eliminate extraterritorial rights of foreigners • 1894 – foreign powers accepted it • Strength & feeling of equality rose • Became more imperialistic-needed resources for industry.

Reaction to Foreign Domination Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): • Causes: – Russia refused to stay out of Korea – Japanese led surprise attack on Russian navy anchored off coast of Manchuria

Reaction to Foreign Domination Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): • Results: – Destruction of Russian navy – Humiliation of Russia and Czar Nicholas II – Territorial gains for Japan (Manchuria & Korea) – Withdrawal of Russia from Manchuria & Korea