Introductory Psychology
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Transcript Introductory Psychology
Motivation and
Emotion
Motivation
internal processes that activate, guide,
and maintain our behavior
Drive-Reduction Theory
Behaviors that
reduce drive are
strengthened
Biological Need
(need for food,
water, oxygen,
etc.)
Drive State
(hunger, thirst,
etc.)
Activation
of many
different
behaviors
Behaviors that do
not reduce drive
are weakened
Theories of Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory
Humans
sometimes engage in behaviors that
increase rather than reduce drives
Arousal Theory
Motivated
to be at optimal level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law
There is an optimal level of arousal for the
best performance of any task.
The
more complex the task, the lower the level of
arousal that can be tolerated before performance
deteriorates.
Theories of Motivation
Incentive theories
Motivation
incentives/pay offs
Cognitive approaches
thoughts,
expectations, and goals
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
A
desire to perform a behavior originates
within the individual
Extrinsic motivation
A
desire to perform a behavior to obtain an
external reward or avoid punishment
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Identify the motive…
Have I got a terrible headache. It’s really
splitting.
It gets lonely in my apartment on the
weekends. My roommate goes to visit her
parents and most of my neighbors are
away too.
I feel really bored by this course. It’s a lot
like the one I took last year. I was hoping
it would be more challenging.
Identify the motive…
He really makes me furious. I’m tired of his putdowns! Who does he think he is anyway?
Uh, listen, do you mind if we don’t go into that
nightclub? I hear that some tough types hang
out there and that someone got beaten up there
last week.
Hey, guess what? I just got an A+ on my term
paper. Pretty good, eh?
Human Needs & Motivation
Hunger and Thirst
stimulated
by internal and external cues
Hypothalamus
Blood
(lateral and ventromedial)
levels
Glucose, fats, carbohydrates, insulin,
leptin
Cells in stomach and small intestine
Insulin: secreted by pancreas; controls
blood glucose
Leptin: protein secreted by fat cells;
when abundant, causes brain to
increase metabolism and
decrease hunger
Orexin: hunger-triggering
hormone secreted by hypothalamus
Ghrelin: hormone secreted by empty
stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to
brain
PYY: digestive tract hormone; sends
“I’m not hungry” signals to brain
Human Needs & Motivation
Hunger & Thirst
Sights
and smells
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Stress
Motivations-to-Eat (Jackson et al., 2003)
Suggests that there are four specific
motivations for eating beyond the “need”
for nourishment
To
cope with negative affect
To be social
To comply with others’ expectations
To enhance pleasure
Means
Females
1.78
coping
2.74 social
1.60 compliance
2.33 pleasure
Males
1.40
coping
2.66 social
1.54 compliance
2.28 pleasure
Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
A
serious eating disorder that is associated
with an intense fear of weight gain and a
distorted body image
Bulimia nervosa
An
eating disorder characterized by binges of
eating followed by self-induced purging
Eating Disorders
Increased incidence in relatives
Serotonin
Perfectionism
Dissatisfaction with body
Ladies Home Journal poll (2003)
On a scale from 1-10, 43% rated bodies
between 6-9. 1% rated perfect, 20%
ranked themselves at 5
One out of three said they were currently
on a diet
When given a choice between a facelift or
a refurbished kitchen, 78% chose the
kitchen
52% would rather have smaller hips or
thighs than a two-week vacation “to get
away from it all”
87% said it’s more acceptable for men to
go gray and get out of shape than it is for
women
75% said they would rather have a root
canal than wear a thong bikini
Need for Affiliation
Interest in establishing and maintaining
relationships with others
Ostracism
Emotions
Body Response
(arousal)
Expressive
Reaction
Conscious
Experience
Emotions
Primary emotions
Secondary emotions
James-Lange Theory
Certain stimuli in the environment can
bring on physiological changes.
Emotions
arise from our awareness of those
changes.
Facial feedback hypothesis
Neuroscience of Emotions
Specific patterns of biological arousal
associated with specific emotions
PET scans
Amygdale link between perception of
stimulus and recall of stimulus later
Communicating Emotions
Voice Quality and Facial Expression
Body language
Personal space
Explicit Acts
Gender and Emotion
Research findings
Men
and women may feel emotions similarly,
but differ in how they are expressed.
Same situation may provoke different
emotions.
Women are better at reading emotional cues
than men.
Anger
Response to perceived misdeeds
Common when acts are seen as willful,
unjustified, and avoidable
Can promote prejudice and heart disease
Catharsis hypothesis
Happiness
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
Subjective well-being
Self-perceived
happiness/satisfaction with life