Transcript NATIONAL RECONCILIATION & TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE AUDIT

NATIONAL RECONCILIATION
&
TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE AUDIT
BRIEF 4 : ARUA
DISTRICT
BEYOND JUBA PROJECT
www.beyondjubaproject.org
2011 -2012
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Main objectives of the
NR&TJ Audit
To document community perspectives on
post-independence armed conflicts across
Uganda
To
identify and assess the outstanding
reconciliation and transitional justice needs
related to each of these conflicts

BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Methodology
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Three field teams comprising four researchers and one videographer
visit twenty-one selected districts equally distributed over the Northern,
Southern, Eastern and Central regions in Uganda.
In each district, concerned civil society organisations are contacted.
The teams conduct Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with four different
groups namely adult women, adult men, youth and representatives of
civil society and local government.
There are fifteen participants in each FGD and the discussions take the
whole day. FGDs are split into two parts, and follow a simple structure:
The morning is spent ‘Looking Back’, at conflicts, their causes, their
impacts, and the stakeholders involved, while the afternoon is for
“Looking Forward” at the possible justice mechanisms that could be used
to address the legacies of conflicts identified – as well as sending
messages to key persons and institutions.
In the course of each FGD, key informants are identified for further
consultation. Findings are recorded on flip charts, through near-verbatim
note taking, and on audio- and video recorders.
Preliminary Findings are presented initially in these Briefs. The final
output will be a Compendium of Conflicts in Uganda, supported by video
documentation
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Focus Group Discussion Guide
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
PART 1: LOOKING BACK
Conflict Timeline
(national/regional/district/village)
A. Is Uganda at peace?
B. What were the
Causes behind the
conflicts you have
identified?
C. What were the
D. Who were the
Impacts?
Stakeholders?
Victims
- Perpetrators
- Beneficiaries
- Bystanders
- Spoilers
- Peacebuilders
-
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Focus Group Discussion Guide
PART 2: LOOKING FORWARD
WELCOME BACK
- Reminder of purpose of
A. How does it feel to be talking about the history of
this country?
second half: from looking back
to looking forward
RECONCILIATION
B. 1. What does JUSTICE
mean to you?
2. Has JUSTICE been done
to the stakeholders? How
do you think justice can be
done? What would you like
to see in the following
processes?
TRUTH-TELLING
PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT
REPARATIONS
TRADITIONAL JUSTICE
AMNESTY
PROSECUTIONS
MEMORIALIZATION
CHANGES IN LAW / INSTITUTIONS
C. What Messages do you
have for key persons and/or
institutions?
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
District Information
•
Arua , the biggest district in the
West Nile region, is bordered by the
Democratic Republic of Congo and
Maracha district to the west, Yumbe
and Moyo districts to the north,
Adjumani and Amuru districts to the
east, and Nebbi and Zombo districts
to the South.
The district was
created in 1980 and later split into
the current Arua, Maracha and
Koboko districts. According to the
Uganda Bureau of Statistics, Arua’s
population was 751,700 in 2011.
•
Arua district is home to various
tribes, the majority being the
Lugbara. Other tribes include the
Kakwa, Madi, Alur and Lendu.
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Arua District map
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Introduction
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
This field brief is based on research conducted in Arua district from 2 –
9 October 2011 as part of the National Reconciliation & Transitional
Justice (NR&TJ) Audit. Four Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were held
supplemented with ten key informant interviews.
Separate FGDs were conducted for women, men, youth, and civil
society and local government officials. Overall sixty people participated
in the four FGDs. A separate meeting was held with representatives of a
victims group, the West Nile LRA War Affected Group who declined to
join the civil society and government representatives FGD.
The field brief reflects conflict perspectives and opinions as narrated
by the FGD participants. These are not necessarily those of the
Refugee Law Project (RLP) or its funders.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
LOOKING BACK
Past
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Is there peace in Uganda?
The people of Arua said that Uganda is not at peace. Whereas some participants
acknowledged that Uganda has been relatively stable in recent times, especially
under President Museveni, many thought that “stability without prosperity is a
negative peace at best.” All participants agreed that “true peace must impact
ordinary people’s daily lives to be sustainable.” True peace, they said, requires
improved human relationships and better service delivery. An elderly woman said the
desired peace is one “where the current tensions amongst tribes in power and those
outside power are unnoticeable; teachers’ strikes are unnecessary, and there is no
need for the on-going “Walk to Work” campaigns”.
The absence of peace was associated with a litany of suffering: migration and living
in exile, poverty, poor governance, unhappiness, no education, lack of electricity,
poor infrastructure, unemployment, nepotism and marginalization of other tribes,
presence of Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs), family breakdown, gender
based violence, feelings of revenge, internal displacement, absence of truth about
what happened, lack of reparation/compensation to victims, and the people still in
exile.
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
“Uganda
is not at peace
because we all know that we
have been suffering civil wars
all over Uganda way back from
colonial time through Obote’s
times to date. There is no
peace at all.” An elderly man
One female participant said, “we all agree that Uganda is not at peace. People are
very poor, people are sick; others have no shelter, medicines, sugar, electricity and
water. These are things that cause inconvenience and conflicts.”
One youth said peace will only prevail in Uganda when “fats eaten at the top and
middle Government hierarchy are equally reaching the grassroots.”
All participants mentioned “high unemployment, corruption, poor education,
intolerance to opposition, lack of happiness and too much suffering” as indicators of
a lack of peace in Uganda today.
Another participant said Museveni’s peace is paradoxical, “it is a peace that
strangles you. Peace that comes like a prison. It chokes you without killing you...”
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Is there peace in Uganda?
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Participants in Arua insist that Uganda's contemporary woes cannot be
understood without pointing fingers at the colonialist and missionary invasion
of Africa. Youth remember their parents narrating to them the suffering they
experienced due to colonial policies. Adult men identified the 1884-86 Berlin
Conference and the partitioning of Africa as a “big conflict” in itself, as well as
the source of many on-going tensions on the continent.
Participants identified the colonialists’ favouring of Buganda in the 1900
Buganda Agreement, as instigating colonial policies of divide and rule which
continue to play themselves out along tribal lines in post-independence
Uganda. They also saw policies of unequal development, marginalisation and
labour reserves, as enabling the exploitation of the local population and thus
as major causes of conflicts. Colonial policies, in addition to imposing an
autocratic and non-participatory state system on citizens, were also seen to
have destroyed local communities and diluted their culture.
One elderly man had this to say: “before the White Man came here, we were at
home and very peaceful. Clan leaders headed homes. In other parts of
Uganda there were kings, here we had chiefs. Whenever there were conflicts,
clan leaders solved these problems and people continued living in peace.
Problems used to come over grazing land, water points and these were solved
traditionally by chiefs.”
Please
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Is there peace in Uganda?
Participants also pointed out that the colonial invasion and policy of
recruiting young tall men from northern Uganda into the Kings African
Rifles (KAR) bred a “gun culture” in Northern Uganda and planted the
notion that “might is right”. One elder described how “the White Man
came and settled in Buganda and started education and job creation
which empowered the Buganda to get white collar jobs. They came to
the North and noticed tall and well-built bodied men and concluded they
should be hunters and thus good for the army.”
Participants pointed out that Uganda is not yet fully independent and
that the British have continued to play a critical role in postIndependence events and conflicts. The foundation for Britain’s
involvement in post-Independence Uganda was laid right from the very
start with the country’s Constitution being drawn up in Lancashire. One
male participant said; “the White Man had a religion and wanted the
Ugandan president to only be a protestant and that’s how Obote made it
to the presidency. After Obote was ousted from power, the people who
had the pens now even have the guns, and they tell their people ‘it’s now
our turn’.”
Please
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Conflicts Timeline: National Level
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Participants identified a number of armed groups and conflicts that in their view affect the people of West Nile up to
today. The participants discussed the episodes of conflict in Uganda on a national, regional, district and
village/community level:
1956
1966 1971 1972
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
1985 1986
The Munana Munana protest (1956):
The Yerego War (1980):
In 1956 there was a boycott in KampalaYerego
led by(former
local military commander under Amin)
The Obote-Kabaka Crisis (1966):
Amin Onzi War (1980-82):
traders against Asian stores in protest
led a small
against
insurgent group who fought the Yerego
Tensions arose between Prime Minister Amin
MiltonOnzi
Obote
(a former
Boy) formed
aUganda
group National
Rising
tensions
Langi The
and
West
Nile
Bank aOyoro
Front
and
exploitation
and between
perceivedAcholi,
discrimination.
War.West
TheyNilers
committed
lot of(WNBF)
atrocities
in present
and President Kabaka Mutesa over the referendum
on
that fought
Amin Onzi War. He also later led
in the army over leadership (1966-71): Rescue
Frontthe
(UNRF)
day Maracha
District.I (1981-85):
the “Lost Counties”. The Lukiiko (Buganda
Parliament)
the
WNBF.
Idi Amin was appointed army commander
The
byOkello’s
WNBF
Oboteand
as aUNRF
I were the (1985):
two biggest and most wellTito
Government
and Mengo
(Buganda Government) passed Military
a
Kikosi
Maluum
(1971):
result of rising tensions between the Acholi,
known
Langi
groups.
and
However,
the participants
People
from
the West
Nile were
able to returnacross
from all four
resolution
urgingwas
the central
Ugandan
Government
to
Kikosi
Maluum
a
rebel
group
led
by
Uganda
Museveni’s
Bush
War
in
Luwero
(1981-86):
West Nilers
in the army over leadership.
FGDs
insisted
This
was
thatSudan
smaller
groups,
such asMilitary
the Oyoro Boys
FRONASA
(1972-78):
exile
in
Congo
and
after
Tito Okello’s
move its Congress
capital from
Buganda
land.
They
also
People’s
(UPC),
their
aim
was
to
return
Tito
Okello
was
ousted
and
the
National
Resistance
intended towas
side-line
the Acholi
generals
and
in in
the
Yerego
army.
groups,
It peace
whilewith
partthem.
of a larger group, committed
FRONASA
a Ugandan
group
exiled
Government
made
Force
Obote
Back (1978):
demanded
autonomy.
Obote then ordered
Amin to
Obote
to
power.
Army/Movement
(NRA/M)
came
power
also created
the
inhabitants
various
these
and violations toand
thereafter
is need for
Tanzania
withenemity
the aim between
of fighting
Amin,
led
by ofatrocities
Force
Back forcing
was ledthe
by Aggrey
a former
storm Obote
the Palace,
Kabaka Awori,
into
exile,
after
Museveni’s
Bush
War
in
Luwero
.
The
or Saba Saba War (1979-80):
threeLiberation
regions.
disaggregation when dealing with them to ensure
Yoweri
Museveni.
an allegation
UPC
strongman;
that Mengo
their was
aim arming
was toitself.
reinstate UPC
The Liberation War is also referred to comprehensive
as the 1979 War
and to their respective legacies.
solutions
The Oyoro or Oyolo Boys (1979-80):
Government.
was a coalition force of all Ugandan dissidents in exile. The
A collection of small rebel groups formed in Arua was called the Oyoro or Oyolo Boys and emerged
force was backed by the Tanzanian People’s Defence Forces
after the overthrow of Amin and withdrawal of Tanzanian forces. They comprised of former soldiers
and its aim was to fight Amin.
under Amin, such as Bumuze and Yerego. They eventually came to be known as the West Nile Bank
Front (WNBF). They were formed with the aim of returning Amin to power and launched attacks
against the Acholi and Banyankole forces of the UNLA. They were involved in looting and occupied
Arua town for one day before they were chased away by the Uganda National Liberation Army
(UNLA).
Please
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Conflicts Timeline: National Level (cont.)
1985
1986 1987
1990
1978 1979
1980 1981
2009
2011 2012
The lack of electricity in West Nile (Colonial Era – to date):
Despite their parents and grandparents who perished while constructing the Owens Falls Dam,
Museveni’s Cold War (1986 - to date):
lack of electricity is an issue they are grappling with each day. One participant asked “is this a
The participants in Arua named one of the conflicts affecting them as 'Museveni’s Cold
deliberate
attempt
to keep
us–backward
Corruption
in Uganda
(1986
to date): and deny us development?”
War'
. According to the participants, there is an on-going 'cold war' against the people of
Corruption in Uganda was mentioned to have spiralled out of control and no one in the
Uganda.
fighting
this war using political domination, poor education, the
MakerereMuseveni
Universityis(1986
– to date):
National
Resistance
Movement
(NRM) Government
was
seen as 'clean'.
The participants
economy
and poverty.
amendment
of nepotism
the 1995
to University
lift term
limits
was
The participants
citedThe
discrimination
and
inConstitution
the Makerere
admission
The
tension
between
Museveni and
the Kabaka of Buganda
(2009):
argued
that
the
NRM
system
of
governance
is
self-profiteering.
One
respondent
said,
“The
referred
to as
a tool that
of domination.
Thenorthern
composition
and the
reveals
policy and
alleged
students from
partsof
of Parliament
Uganda cannot
getCabinet
good marks
and
Tensions
between
Museveni
and
the
Kabaka
of
Buganda
led
to
the
Buganda
MPs
we
have
elected
to
represent
us
in
Parliament
get
corrupted.
During
elections
they
beg
National
border
conflicts
between
and
Sudan
(2009–
to date):
that
Uganda
is progressively
becoming
tribal
entity.
One
respondent
asked
UgandaIt ais
honours
degrees
or doctorates
since a
allUganda
lecturers
are
from
west and
central“Isregion.
Protests
and apologise
the burning
of bend
the royal
Kasubi
Tombs in 2009.
Thiselections,
was mentioned
us
for
votes.
Some
even
and
over
to
be
punished.
But
after
they as
Amongst
thethe
other
conflicts identified
was an
on-going
border
dispute
between
Uganda
project
for
Banyakole
empowerment?”
She
added,
“why
is it that
all ministers
whohands
matter
also alleged
that
administration
of
Makerere
University
is
now
firmly
in
the
of
General
Strikesaffecting
and
Protests
(2011):
a significant
conflict
the
peace
in Uganda.
now
think
they
are
ruling
Pakalas
t
(forever).
For
us
things
are
moving
in
the
wrong
direction.
and
Sudan
in
Moyo
District.
It
is
alleged
that
violent
clashes
have
occurred
at
are
his relatives,
and
while
the rest
just ranking
there topositions.
take instruction?” They the
westerners
andfriends
there
are
noin-laws,
people
from
West
Nileare
in
high
Atinathe
national
level
the
participants
identified
the strikes by teachers, “Walk to
Are
we
going
to
go
wrong
direction
Pakalast?
”
extortion
by
authorities
(ongoing):
contested
border
line Growing
in Moyo
between
Dinka
and owned
the
local
population.
The conflict
alleged that
Museveni’s
Government
has
sold offthe
allCongolese
Ugandan
assets
to his family
and
Work” protests, high inflation and biting poverty as serious conflicts. Serious
Congolese
authorities
that
levy
arbitrary
fees
on
Ugandan
traders
is over border
and
people
have
been
forciblyUganda
displaced
foreign financers.
The demarcation
youth pointed
outgrazing
that atland.
leastMany
people
hailing
from
western
political disagreement between political parties and the regime in power has
cross
the resentment
border
to Congo
were
identified
a source
of
and there
is a growing
bitterness
and
against
Sudanese
in
thisas
area.
have a decent
opportunity
to who
gain
employment
and lead
happy lives
while
people
from
the
affected them in terms of service delivery and development.
conflict.
This has
created
enmity
against
Congolese
whodrives
come into
other parts of Uganda languish
in poverty.
They
added
that the
current
economy
and yet
the
two neighbours
used
to trade
peacefully.
everything to the western sideUganda
of Uganda.
One
woman
said, “all we
have
here are
so called
reconstruction efforts; building health centres without doctors and medicines. It is better to
get treated under a mango tree than to die in a hospital bed without a doctor and no
medicine.”
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Conflicts Timeline: Regional Level
1986
1980
2001
2009
2012
Land conflicts (1986 – to date):
All the participants cited an increase in land conflicts locally and with neighbouring districts. The
Decentralisation (2001 – to date):
origin of land conflicts was traced by the elderly participants back to 1979-86 when they were
The creation of many districts is allegedly a tool that Museveni
forced into exile following the overthrow
of Amin. When they came
back from exile in the
Other
uses
toresource-based
divide and rule. conflicts
One elder(2009):
said, “it is not decentralising
Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan,
other
people
hadforest
sold off
or settled on their
land thus
Conflicts
over
and
resources
identified
as
services.
It
is oil
decentralising
poverty were
and blame
.” The
Inter-religious
conflicts
(2009
–
to
date):
causing conflicts. Many of the children
whose
parents
died
in
exile
came
back
and
found
that
their
causing problems
the region.
In particular
the shifting
of
participants
said theincreation
of districts
creating
animosity
Alltheir
the participants
mentioned
an apparent
conflictiswho
between
the
many
land had been grabbed by
neighbours.
Some
unscrupulous
neighbours,
knew
that
their
the oil exploration
site from
Rhino
Camp
caused much
anxiety
amongst
people
who
to
live together.
They
cited
religious
groups.
They
identified
aused
war
onland.
Christianity
by in
the
Muslim
elderly neighbours had died,
dispossessed
the
the
orphans
of
their
While
land
Lugbara
is
to
the
people
of
Arua
who
felt
suspicious
of
Government
examples
of expressed
land - border
disputes
between
Adjumani
and
leaders.
The
majority
concerns
over
how
Muslim
clerics
traditionally vested in the clan chief,
today’s land conflicts, according to participants, are solely
motives.
Amuru,
Maracha
and
Terego,
Aringa
and during
Vurra, which
Ayivu they
and
openly
hold
public
rallies
Yumbe
Arua
town
attributable to the unregulated sale of land and
thein
creation
ofand
new
districts.
One man
said “land
Terego,
as wellagainst
as different
clanspublicly.
within Arua
clamouring
misinterpret
and
preach
the Bible
One now
participant
said
belongs to the people and
should not be
sold
off.”
for
their
own
districts.
“you know the Muslims easily get annoyed and engage in terror tactics.
Now, they are publicly misreading and preaching against the Bible and
the Christians are quiet. What will happen the day bishops and pastors
get annoyed and start condemning the Quran publicly in Arua here?
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Conflicts Timeline: District Level
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
2012
The Balaalo Cattle Conflict (2009 – to date):
The four FGDs all mentioned the Balaalo and their cattle as a major conflict. Many alleged that the
“Big Man in the Forest” and the “War on Cassava” (2009 – to date):
Balaalo cattle keepers have guns and have been terrorising the communities. The communities in
It is alleged that the big man is Museveni’s cousin brother General Salim Saleh who has occupied
Arua have also used pangas, bows and arrows to evict the Balaalo from their land. Some
Biafra Forest Reserve under the pretence of setting up a temporary camp from where to pay exparticipants accused the Government of arming the Balaalo. It is suspected that being westerners,
soldiers. This happened just before the 2011 general election. According to the participants,
the Balaalo have relatives who are high ranking soldiers who are giving them guns. All the
including ex-soldiers, only a few were actually paid. Instead the camp was used primarily as a
participants expressed sentiments about how the Balaalo graze their cattle abnormally and clear
political tool for campaigning for Museveni and the NRM. The people in Arua complained that they
everything. Even the deputy RDC, while urging the people to approach the conflict with the Balaalo
were not consulted and the forest has been cleared to pave way for construction of houses.
peacefully and use the relevant authorities, noted that the way the Balaalo cattle graze is strange as
General Salim Saleh is also alleged to have given a lot of money to his agents to buy cassava flour,
they eat everything to the ground.
the staple food within the region, for export to China. This has resulted in a rapid increase in the
price of cassava with prices going up from 300 shillings per kg to about 1,200 shillings per kg. The
sudden increase in the price of cassava led producers in the area to sell their cassava to the big
man in the forest and suddenly people had no food reserves and could not find cassava in the
ordinary markets. In instances where it is available, it is unaffordable. At the time of the FGD,
tensions were flaring over Saleh’s occupation of the forest land. The land was supposed to be degazetted and sold off to the local landless people but it is alleged that Saleh wants to build a
shopping mall instead.
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Conflicts Timeline: Village/Household
1986
2000
2012
Female empowerment conflict (1986 – to date):
Alongside the prevalence of Sexual and Gender Based Violence (SGBV) female
Conflicts amongst the youth (ongoing):
empowerment was mentioned by both male and female participants as a source of conflict.
A female participant said, “as a parent you educate your children but they can’t get jobs after completing
TheThey
empowered
women
and
decent
opportunities.
The
empowered
women
school.
come back
homelack
and education
stay with the
same
pairjob
of shoes
you bought
them.
In the end
they start
have
to
climb
onto
lorries
and
engage
in
risky
trade
or
activities
for
survival.
The
women
cited
fighting you to sell off family assets. Recently here in Arua, some two boys even killed their father to
sell off
a recent
incident were several women died after falling from the top of a lorry going to trade
his land.
”
in Sudan and asked the question: is that what female empowerment is about? The result is a
loss
of hopelessness
peace withinand
the serious
family. frustration
The disempowered
menquo.
now depend on women for survival.
Youth
cited
with the status
In Arua these men are known as “Amario” (Men who marry for survival). Many marriages have
Adult
men
cited prostitution,
alcoholism
and drug
abuse
as rampant
amongst
youth.
This
was attributed
also
broken
up due to domestic
violence
and
prostitution.
Adultery
is the
also
on the
increase,
as
to the
influence
of
Nigerian
movies,
western
culture
and
pornography,
unemployment
and
idleness.
everyone wants to prove their equality.
The Deputy Resident District Commissioner narrated an incident where he was investigating incidents of
alleged commercialised sex in one street of Arua. When he asked a young girl why she was engaging in
prostitution at her age, the girl retorted “you say I am young, come, I will finish you in five minutes.”
One participant said the unregulated distribution of pornography and technology is killing morals. Another
participant said “the youth are loitering around because of lack of employment. The Government has failed
to provide a market for agriculture which makes young people abandon rural areas.”
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Colonial legacy
Causes
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Causes & Impacts
Economic marginalisation
and social exclusion
Lack of reparations
Commercialisation
of land
Greed for power
Settling of scores
Power contests
Impacts
Regional inequality
Unethical practices
Broken families
HIV/AIDS prevalance
Impunity
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Causes of conflicts
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Elderly men and women point to colonial Governments. Civil society and Local
Government actors cite unresolved legacies of past conflicts. Youth blame current
leadership and politicians :
Colonial legacy: The colonisation of Africa/Uganda broke down traditional
systems and people-centred governance structures. Elderly men who had
lived at the tail-end of the colonial administration said the same colonial
policy of divide and rule is still being used by post-colonial regimes, as
demonstrated by the current wave new districts, and the tribal cleavages
that exists between northerners and southerners in Uganda. Recurring
conflicts were also attributed to the colonial legacy of ‘guns as might’ and
the division of labour and recruitment into the army as a source of
employment for Northerners. In colonial times, a certain ethnic grouping
was favoured, planting the seeds of tribalism and nepotism.
Greed for power: All FGDs cited greed for power as the reason Ugandans
are always at war with each other. Individual greed from Obote against
Kabaka Mutesa II, and Museveni violating the Nairobi Peace Accord have
made Ugandan politicians feel they can do anything dirty to get to power.
Even Joseph Kony of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) went to the bush to
fight for power. According to participants, the greed for power underpins
weak institutions of governance. Each leader seeks to entrench himself
instead of building strong institutions for service delivery and proper checks
and balances.
“The LRA insurgency
followed Museveni’s
takeover and the
failed Nairobi Peace
Talks. I was here
when Major Wilson
Toko mobilised
people to fight. All
leaders have
demonstrated an
insatiable greed for
power, including
changing the
Constitution.”
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Causes of conflicts (cont.)
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Economic marginalisation and social exclusion: Respondents stated unequivocally that
only the Obote I regime had beenequitable and all-inclusive and had made attempts to
unify Uganda: His cabinet was seen as nationalistic and services like hospitals were
equitably distributed nationwide. However, during his second term in office, Obote became
tribalistic and rallied his tribe to consolidate his stay in power, alienating others. All other
regimes have favoured their own tribes and marginalised the rest of Uganda, contributing
to current tensions. Museveni’s Government has been the most exclusive and is seen as
akin to a tribal empowerment project. One youth said, “today’s Uganda belongs to one
tribe and everybody knows that. I got a job because I have a western name. Many of my
colleagues had to change their name to sound westerners to even get called for an
interview.”
Wide-spread poverty/unemployment and income gap: All participants cited biting poverty
as underlying escalating conflicts. Apart from the lack of employment, participants also
mentioned income inequality and the gap between richer and poorer tribes. One
participant said, “some people here in Arua are poorer than church mice which makes
conflict inevitable.” One youth said; “it’s going to take us a long time to achieve peace in
Uganda. People go to war because it’s the last attempt of survival. If 70% of the people
here are poor and do not have any source of livelihood how can you talk about peace?”
Commercialisation of land: The participants also concurred that the sale of land has
exacerbated land conflicts. They said land used to be a communal commodity and not
easily transferable but today, land has been commercialised. One participant said,
“because of poverty, people are selling land that belongs to other families, especially
where there are no elders. This is causing a lot of conflict within the community.”
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Causes of conflicts (cont.)
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Settling of scores: Participants mentioned failure to deal with the impact of past
atrocities as a cause of recurring conflicts: people are busy waiting for an opportunity to
settle scores. The WNBF, UNRF and splinter groups were all formed to bring Amin back
to power and also to defend the people of West Nile from retaliatory attacks by UNLA.
The Acholi-dominated UNLA was perceived to be revenging on Amin's people for the
killings he committed in Acholiland. The Oyoro boys and Mazaka rebel groups were
specifically targeting the Tanzania People’s Defence Forces (TPDF), Acholi and
Banyakole soldiers for revenge during the 1980s.
Lack of reparations: Civil society and local government officials cited the lack of
reparations/compensation to victims and veterans of past regimes and the failure by
Museveni to build credible institutions as causes of recurring conflicts.
Unethical practices: Other causes mentioned in all the FGDs included practices like
polygamy that cause conflicts between co-wives, corruption amongst Ugandans, lack of
truth-telling and dealing with the past, broken promises by Museveni; missed educational
opportunities during exile; unemployment; lack of power and electricity; the eating
habits of Balaalo cattle that clear everything and degrade the environment, poverty,
nepotism, politics of untouchables or impunity enjoyed by NRM historical figures,
income gap and poverty cycle, low infrastructural development, foreign takeover of
businesses, special treatment of foreigners, foreign influence and Uganda being used as
a dumping ground for substandard foreign goods.
One elderly man said, “Uganda has ceased to be a caring nation and people have
become materialistic. There is a gross disparity in the allocation of the national cake and
widespread greed by politicians”.
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Causes of conflicts (cont.)
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Corruption in the formal justice sector: The judiciary was also cited as
corrupt; as a result, frustrated people take matters into their own hands
through mob-justice. When land matters are taken to court, the person with
money wins. “Justice”, they said, “belongs to the rich”.
Governance gap: The participants identified the oppressive nature of the
State and the politics behind the creation of new districts and the distortion
of decentralisation (through creation of multiple districts) as a serious cause
of conflicts. Some pointed to the broken or mal-functioning multi-party
system; privatisation of state parastatals, centralisation and Government
takeover of local resources and property; disparities of revenue sharing
between local and central Government as causes of conflicts. The factors
listed above all make the presidency attractive, meaning politics has become
a source of employment and not about service to the people.
Mistrust amongst tribes and misunderstanding of tribal practices: The people
of Arua cited mistrust between different tribes and their beliefs as a cause of
conflict. They said some tribes appear to perceive themselves as superior to
other Ugandans. It was pointed out that this perception underpins the attempt
to forcefully change Karimojong from their way of life, and that this attempt is
causing further conflicts.
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Impacts of conflicts
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
According to all groups, the conflicts mentioned above, whether regional or
national, have affected the people of West Nile in the following profound
ways:

Division
amongst
different
tribes

Oppressive state machineries

Bad governance

Regional inequality

Impunity

Power contests

Loss of lives

Hatred and revenge killings

Heavy involvement of
the
military in politics

Displacement and migration

Broken families

HIV/AIDS prevalance

Economic crisis and poverty

High crime rates
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
STAKEHOLDERS
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Spoilers
Peace Builders
Conflicts
Beneficiaries
By-standers
Please
Victims
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Victims
STAKEHOLDERS
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Among the groups considered worst affected by the different conflicts were:

All natives of what has become known as Uganda. “This
conflict has affected all Ugandans in one way or another and
that is why we must all be involved in dealing with its legacies
and prevent future conflicts,” declared one participant








People who died under Obote, Amin and Museveni
Opposition politicians who were persecuted
Many civilians in the North and West Nile who lost their lives
innocently due to the LRA insurgency
Women
who
suffered
physically,
emotionally
and
psychologically
Children who were victims of abduction by the LRA or
forcefully recruited by other groups including the National
Resistance Army (NRA)
The elderly who died and those who lost the respect of
younger generations
Culture which was undermined as a result of exile and
displacement
All non-Banyakole. According to a youth in Arua, “under
Museveni today, all ethnic groups are being marginalised
apart from Banyakoles”.
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District

















Perpetrators
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
British Government as the former colonial master
The Israelis who aided Amin in toppling Obote’s Government
Col. Muhammad Gaddafi who was accused of supporting President Museveni
and many dictators in Africa
Juma Oris, Ali Bamuze, Moses Ali, Yoweri Museveni, Joseph Kony, Musa
Ecweru, Itongwa, Yerego, Malera and Amin Onzi were accused of taking up
arms and destroying innocent lives to fight against past or current
Governments
The Tanzanian People Defence Forces (TPDF) and the UNLA were identified for
overthrowing Amin, unleashing revenge violence on the people of West Nile
NGOs, specifically with their approach of gender equality and empowerment,
were undermining social cohesion
Muslim leaders were blamed for preaching against the Bible and inciting
religious tensions
The Resident District Commissioner (RDC), Abiriga, was accused of arbitrary
arrests and polarising people along ethnic and party lines
General Salim Saleh (“the Big Man in the Forest”) was blamed for lying to the
ex-soldiers, occupying the forest and jeopardizing people’s food security
The Balaalo were accused of roaming around with large herds of cattle that
destroy people's crops and land
Uganda’s leaders including President Museveni
All Acholi and Langi in the UNLA military
All Lugbara and Kakwa who served Amin; Kony, Otti, and all senior LRA rebel
commanders
The Congolese and Sudanese soldiers
The NRA/UPDF
Foreigners and the American Government for supporting oppressive regimes.
British Government, missionary groups, explorers, colonial agents, local chiefs,
Indian coolies, and the local population.
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012

Spoilers




Some perpetrators were also considered spoilers
for blocking a quick resolution of the conflicts
Museveni was considered a spoiler in the Nairobi
Peace Talks of 1985
Gen. Salim Saleh was seen as a spoiler given his
commercial activities in war zones
The Local Government of Arua was accused of
failing to negotiate or advocate well on behalf of
its people. The Resident District Commissioner
(RDC) of Arua was specifically accused of being
too confrontational and thinking he is the
President
UPDF was blamed for failing to protect all
Ugandans equally and giving too much loyalty to
Museveni as a person and not paying their
allegiance to the Constitution.
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Beneficiaries










NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Rebel commanders, like Bamuze, received amnesty and economic
benefits without apologizing to their victims
Communities with many NGOs benefit from a higher level of
employment
Military personnel benefited financially from prolonged conflict
UPDF soldiers got promoted and officers in the war torn regions
created ghost soldiers (they exaggerated the numbers of soldiers to
collect extra salaries) and bought substandard equipment like
helicopters, trucks, and undersized uniforms to make money
High ranking army officials under Museveni who act with impunity like
his brother Salim Saleh and Kakoza Mutale
Other parts of the country apart from northern Uganda, West Nile,
Teso and Karamoja benefited from Government programmes which
could not at the time be implemented in the conflict affected areas
NRM supporters benefitted from “brown envelopes” of bribe money
while others got nothing
Foreigners connected to NGOs got jobs and as a result have luxurious
lifestyles
Cassava farmers, and others working for General Salim Saleh in the
forest got money and jobs
Peace delegates in Juba also benefited from fat allowances
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Peace Builders
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Several people were identified by different groups as peace builders. The
people below were identified by participants in all FGDs as having made
important contributions to peace building;







Elders like Naphtali Phalea Draniva, Gali Agustra,
and the cultural leaders in Alur Kingdom
The Amnesty Commission played an important
role in ending the insurgency and resettling
former fighters
The International Committee of the Red Cross
provided much needed assistance and help in the
return and repatriation process
Churches and religious leaders spread messages
of peace
Ex-soldiers responded to amnesty and embraced
the peace talks
The Tanzania People’s Defense Force (TPDF)
liberated Uganda from Amin
General Tito Okello Lutwa and Wilson Toko,
forgave Amin’s former soldiers and worked to
reconcile Acholi with West Nilers.
Please
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
LOOKING FORWARD
Future
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Uganda’s conflict experiences
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Talking about conflict
When asked how it felt to talk about their conflict experiences, participants shared
different feelings. All FGDs agreed that it is important to talk about the history of our
country and the various conflicts. Many felt that conflicts will recur unless truth is told
and measures are taken to reconcile victims and perpetrators. The following were
some key feelings expressed:











Conflicts have damaged the image of our country. We need to learn from our history to
avoid past mistakes and see a positive way forward
The Government is clocking 30 years in power and some groups have yet to benefit from
the national cake
One participant reported he felt like a foreigner in his own homeland
Uganda is on the wrong track since elders are excluded in Government decision making
processes and MPs are corrupt
People in the West Nile region are not part of Uganda
People will be happier if given opportunity to speak the truth and forget about the past
The only benefit from Museveni and NRM is the absence of guns
Document our history for posterity because our history is “full of dirt”
A young female participant said she felt the need to inform Ugandans about the necessity
to discuss the history of our country
There is a need for all of us to unite as Ugandans to reckon with our past and solve our
current problems
Participants felt like there is a lot of unfinished business
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Uganda’s conflict experiences
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Talking about conflict (cont.)





All Participants felt inspired when talking about the root causes of
conflicts in Uganda: “talking about the history of our suffering gives us
hope for dealing with the issues underlying conflicts.”
President Museveni is a typical “Enjoba”, meaning habitual liar
Talking about the conflict evokes bad memories
One elderly participant said, “talking about the conflicts reminded me
of my lost savings frozen in cooperative banks”
Many people felt the need to begin the process of forgiveness and
reconciliation: to learn to forgive and respect each other as Ugandans.
Many participants said they felt alienated within Uganda as a result of
a lack of trust in politicians and the Government. They said, “too many
promises are unfulfilled” and “you can never trust the politicians”.
Please
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Perceptions about justice
Asked whether justice has been done to the different
stakeholders and what justice would mean to them,
participants expressed divergent views. All agreed that
justice has not been done in Uganda, though some
cautioned that the term justice is fluid and means
different things to different people at different times and
regions. The following are the key opinions on justice:
West Nile continues to suffer recurring injustices.
Participants said that there is no justice in this country
but only suffering: “Our justice systems are corrupt and
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
“Justice is a preserve
for the rich”
justice is a preserve for the rich”.
One elderly man argued that the injustice is evident in the
sabotage of development projects, lack of universities in
the region, and the absence of truth about the identity
and whereabouts of the real perpetrators.
Please
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Perceptions about justice
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
All participants claimed that court justice has no impact on people’s lives.
Some participants felt that justice goes together with peace and where there is no
peace, there is no justice. One participant said “justice is the mother of prosperity
and means extending our hands of peace to one another like Jesus did. Examples of
justice include fulfilling cultural rituals like touching the sheep.”
When asked whether justice could be achieved when judges are appointed based on
political inclinations. A female youth said “for justice to be done there should be no
corruption in getting jobs, leaders [should] follow constitutional mandate, and that
there should be money and education for all.”
One participant said “justice means democracy and one term in office per
president, that the retirement age is reduced to create space for young people to
access jobs.”
Justice means stopping people’s suffering, having better houses and development
projects, distributing universities equally in all regions, and bringing electricity and
power to the community of Arua.
Please remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Perceptions about justice
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Justice means saying sorry or giving apologies for wrongs done, being judged
correctly and accorded rights (as in the case of Kwoyelo).
Justice means equal treatment of all Ugandans, respect for people’s right to
freedom of association, acceptance of people equally irrespective of status,
respect for one another’s opinions and respect for people’s dignity.
Justice means that Heads of State are assured of their liberty after leaving power
and ensuring the adequate payment of ex-soldiers.
Justice means keeping promises and requiring the “big men” to sit down and talk
with ordinary people in the peace and reconciliation process, instead of just
addressing rallies.
Justice means “putting things” in the right way for good governance. If there is no
justice there is a crisis.
In all the FGDs, participants concurred that the people of Arua were trapped in a
quagmire. They said they are like slaves in their own land. Interestingly, according to
one elder interviewed, the name Arua means “prison” or “cell” in their vernacular
(Lugbara).
Please
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Transitional Justice Mechanisms
Participants were asked what local mechanisms they have
used before to address the conflicts and their legacies. In all
four FGDs and key informant interviews, traditional rituals,
amnesty and forgiveness were named. Others suggested
surrendering, defection and peace talks.
When asked what they would like to see in the establishment of
any future transitional justice mechanisms the following
general responses were common across all FGDs:
Please
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Transitional Justice Mechanisms
Legal Reforms
Reconciliation



Religious leaders should
be given power to promote
reconciliation
Leaders should speak the
language of reconciliation
There is a need to bridge
economic gaps.
Please
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012



Laws on corruption should
be strengthened
Term limits should be
restored for those in power
The President’s protection
should be guaranteed so
that he can voluntarily
retire.
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District


Centers
for
counseling
and
rehabilitation should
be established
Sports grounds and
recreation facilities
should be built.
Please
Institutional
Reforms
Psychosocial
Support
Transitional Justice Mechanisms


NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Police
should
conduct
serious
investigations
Levels
of
militarization should
be reduced.
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Transitional Justice Mechanisms



Please



Prioritising
the
role
of
Amnesty in Uganda
Amnesty should be made
more visible
Amnesty should be taken very
seriously to avoid more wars
Applying Amnesty more fairly,
It should not only favour
perpetrators but address the
concerns of victims
Amnesty should be coupled
with reparations to victims. A
number of participants said
that if amnesty is not coupled
with reparations to victims
then “maybe the victims
should also pick up arms and
later benefit from amnesty
because the rebels who killed
our people are at peace and
receiving money”
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
Amnesty


Memorialization

There is a need for the
documentation
and
memorialization
of
all
conflicts and legacies
The dead need to be
remembered in all instances
The community should be
involved
in
leading
documentation
and
memorialization. It should
not only be church-based
Experiences of those in exile
need to be memorialized, in
a similar way to the
spontaneous skit performed
during one of the FGDs. The
women performed a skit
depicting the flight, stay and
return from Congo during
the war
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Transitional Justice Mechanisms
Traditional
Justice
Reparations










Economic reparations are key to livelihoods
A reparations policy should be instituted
Reparations to suffering victims should start
immediately and not wait for truth-telling or
prosecution
Investment in infrastructure alone is not enough
Payment packages to ex-soldiers should be honored
Both Governments and former colonial masters
should pay reparations;
Uniform reparation processes for victims of the same
violations should be established
There is a need for transparency in reparations
The Congolese Government should compensate the
people of West Nile for atrocities committed on
refugees in the Democratic Republic Congo between
1979-1986
The UN should be involved in reparations in Africa
since most of the Governments are corrupt.
Please
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012







Rituals are important for conflict resolution
Traditional justice should complement the
formal judicial system to make justice broad
enough
There is a need to tap into the wisdom and deep
knowledge of traditional leaders
The reconciliation that took place between
elders of Acholi and Lugbara led by Mzee Jason
Abutiya could serve as an example for further
traditional conflict resolution
There is a need to educate children on the
culture of traditional conflict resolution
Cultural institutions need to be strengthened
and revitalized
Government should support, not fight,
traditional elders in dispensing justice.
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Transitional Justice Mechanisms
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Truth-Telling




















Truth telling should identify both the patterns and the gravity of crimes by
perpetrators
Experiences of Ugandans exiled in DRC and Sudan should be documented
Economic inequality and ownership of this country should be addressed
There should be no stigmatization of those telling the truth
Truth seeking processes should not be corrupted
There is need for a national movement for truth seeking
People should acknowledge their wrongs
The colonial legacy in this country should be tackled
People should testify freely
A truth-telling process needs to be cooperative and healing and should not be
a battle to win cases
Truth seeking should involve getting firsthand information from both victims
and perpetrators
People should be sensitized before truth-telling
Truth-telling can help ourselves move towards healing and end suffering
Ugandans should be allowed to get courage to tell the truth to the President,
especially on term limits
There is a need for a national truth-telling commission
Truth-telling should be led by traditional leaders
There is a need for truth-telling at all levels
There is a need for the creation of a good environment for truth-telling to
address people’s fear
There is need for a rehabilitation centre to foster truth-telling
Government must demonstrate its commitment to facilitate truth-telling.
Please
Prosecution
Avoid
partial


accountability:
all
key
perpetrators
should
be
held
accountable
and
prosecuted
if
possible.
Prosecution should
be uniform, fair, free
of corruption and
non-selective.
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Messages to Leaders/Institutions
The following were the key messages by participants to the identified
stakeholders/leaders:
President Museveni:











Divide the national cake equally
Be
sincere
and
accept
responsibility for the suffering of
Ugandans over the last 25 years
Consult with local people and
avoid listening to sycophants
Pay ex-servicemen from all parts
of Uganda
Stop making empty promises
Retire and vacate the office of
President before it is too late
Borrow a leaf from Tanzania and
unite this country (“enough is
enough”)
Respect cultural leaders and
listen to their advice
Be a national leader and do not
segregate people along tribal or
party lines
Thank you for bringing peace
Look forward and not backward to
avoid our children going back to
war.
Please
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
The Big Man in the Forest
[Salim Saleh]:
Vacate the forest and let
the land be used to settle
the local landless
people.
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Messages to Leaders/Institutions(cont.)
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Message to other actors were:
The Government of Uganda










Restructure and professionalize the police
and prison officials and remove military
generals
Increase teachers salaries
Stop buying unnecessary weapons like
fighter jets and tanks
Put in place enough rehabilitation centres in
northern Uganda
Reduce high taxes on essential goods
Develop institutions to specifically handle
reconciliation and restore broken community
relations
Ensure accountability for all actions
Stop hiring expatriates at the expense of local
citizens
Find root causes of conflict in Uganda and
address them
Reduce the size of Parliament to a smaller
number and remove the army from the civilian
Parliament.
Please
MPs and politicians:
Please reduce greed
and focus on the plight
of the people who
elected you.
Local Government
officials:
Please come to local
communities and listen
to the people.
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Messages to Leaders/Institutions(cont.)
Civil society groups
Spread the gospel of good
governance and unite for
national reconciliation and
good governance.
Message to other actors were:
Cultural institutions:
Help resolve land conflicts
Establish a regional cultural leader’s
forum to help in addressing peace,
reconciliation and justice
Recognize and reward elders who were
involved in peace building.
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Religious leaders:
Use your platform for
reconciliatory purposes.
The Refugee Law Project
British High Commissioner:
Clear the confusion caused by the
missionaries and their religion which
demonized traditional African religion,
the arbitrary partition of Africa and
creation of a Uganda comprised of
different tribes, division of labour, poor
cash crops, and unfair terms of trade in
Uganda.
Please
All Ugandans:
Let us recognize this is our
country; people should accept
the truth and move forward.
Disseminate the research findings,
give us feedback, forward our
views, spread the gospel of good
governance, and reassure us that
this research will not bring us
problems.
remember that this brief reflects community perspectives on national issues.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
Acknowledgements
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
The research team was led by Stephen Oola and comprised of Helen
Mayele, Hellen Mabonga, Lawrence Okware, Thomas Kanooti and
Solomon Luzinda.
This briefing note was written by Stephen Oola with valuable input from
Annelieke van de Wiel and Kari Griffiths, all of the RLP. RLP is very
grateful for the contributions made by different individuals and
organizations towards the success of the National Reconciliation &
Transitional Justice Audit research in Arua District, in particular the Alur
Kingdom, Lugbara Chiefdom, the Ker Kwonga Jonam Kingdom, the Arua
Justice and Peace Committee, the Peace Recovery and Development
Organization and the West Nile Kony War Victims Association.
Presentation prepared by Opiny Shaffic, with inputs from Chris Dolan,
Annelieke van de Wiel, Moses Alfred Nsubuga and edits by Angella
Nabwowe.
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
BRIEF 4 : Arua District
NR&TJ
Audit
2011 -2012
Watch this space for Brief 5: Soroti District