Transcript Lecture 1 - gserianne.com

Biology 102
Laboratory 1
Blood and Blood Typing
1
Lab Safety and Laboratory Overview
• Lab Safety
– Inside front cover of your Marieb/Mitchell Laboratory
Manual
– IT Policies
– Safety Equipment for lab
• Lab Overview
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–
–
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Lab slides/handouts - I will provide copies
Prep for lab
Grading policy for lab
Making up missed labs
Please be sure to put your name in the proper location on the
laboratory seating chart and sign the IT policies sheet before you
leave today.
2
Objectives for Lab 1
•
•
•
Be able to read and interpret a blood typing
agglutination reaction and determine blood type
from what you see
Understand what determines blood type and under
what circumstances a transfusion reaction may
occur, i.e., what serum antibodies must be present
for a reaction to take place
Be able to distinguish the formed elements of blood
under the microscope or from a photomicrograph,
and know the approximate percentage of neutrophils,
lymphocytes, and monocytes
3
Neutrophils
• light blue granules in acid-base
stain
• lobed nucleus
• other names
• segs
• polymorphonuclear
leukocyte (PMNs)
• bands (young neutrophils)
• first to arrive at infections
• phagocytic
• 54% - 62% of leukocytes
• elevated in bacterial infections
4
Basophils
• deep blue granules from
basic stain
• release histamine
• release heparin
• less than 1% of
leukocytes
5
Eosinophils
• deep red granules in acid
stain
• bilobed nucleus
• moderate allergic reactions
• defend against parasitic
worm infestations
• 1% - 3% of leukocytes
• elevated in worm
infestations and allergic
reactions
6
Monocytes
• largest blood cell
• kidney-shaped or oval
nuclei
• leave bloodstream to
become macrophages
• 3% - 9% of leukocytes
• elevated in typhoid fever,
malaria, tuberculosis
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Lymphocytes
• about the size of RBC
• large spherical nuclei
• thin rims of cytoplasm
• T cells
• B cells
• important in immunity
• produce antibodies
• 25% - 33% of
leukocytes
• decreased T Cells in
AIDS
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Antigens and Antibodies
• The major function of the immune system is
to distinguish ‘self’ from ‘non-self’
• Antigens are glycoproteins that can
potentially trigger an immune response
(agglutinogens)
• An antibody is a protein that binds
specifically to a particular antigen
(agglutinins)
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ABO Blood Group
10
Agglutination
*
11
Blood Agglutination
Anti-D = Rh factor
Agglutination
(positive rexn)
+
Homogeneous “lawn”
of RBCs (negative rexn)
Figure From: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
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Determining if a transfusion reaction will occur
1. When transfusing ‘packed red cells’, only RBCs will
be transfused from donor to recipient
2. Must consider ONLY if the antibodies present in the
recipient’s plasma will react with the donor’s RBCs.
Example: Transfusing CELLS from a type B donor to the
PLASMA of a type A recipient.
Cells
Plasma
Cells
Plasma
13
Preferred and Permissible Blood
Types for Transfusion
NOTE:
Type AB is a universal recipient
Type O is a universal donor
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Rh Blood Group Factor
Several antigens,
most important is
antigen D
If any Rh antigens
present, blood is
Rh+
Anti-Rh antibodies
develop after
exposure of an Rhindividual to Rh+
blood.
15
Review
BLOOD TYPE
A
B
AB
O
Antigen on RBC’s
A
B
A and B
neither A or B
Antibodies in plasma
B
A
neither A or B
both A and B
Compatible donors
A, O
B, O
AB, A, B, O
O
Incompatible donors
B, AB
A, AB
NONE
A, B, AB
Genotype
IAIA OR IAi
IBIB, IBi
IAIB
ii
Phenotype
type A
type B
type AB
type O
AB = universal recipient, O = universal donor
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Things you should do in lab today
• Examine the blood slide under the microscope
– Blood slide – be able to recognize and distinguish
among the different types of cells as well as platelets
– Refer to your
• Marieb’s Lab Manual for pictures/guidance (Ex. 29)
• See Lab Guide (handout) checklist of cells for which you are
responsible for Laboratory Exercise #1
• Test a simulated blood sample (work with a partner)
– Use the Ward’s kits to test a sample of simulated
blood; see the instructions in your Lab Guide
– Determine the blood type
– Fill out Lab Report sheet and hand in today
• Please try to log on to the computer at your station
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Next Lab…
• Suggest that you review the following exercises
in preparation for examining models and learning
blood vessels
• See Blood/Cardiovascular links on Web site
• Heart Anatomy (Human models and Steer hearts)
– See Exercise 30 in Marieb’s Lab Manual
– Don’t forget your dissecting kits, safety glasses, and gloves!
• Be sure to review what you did today and
complete Review Sheet for Exercise 29 in your
lab manual (you do not have to hand this in).
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